Pavement marking, reflective elements, and methods of making microspheres
Presently described are retroreflective articles, such as pavement markings, that comprise transparent microspheres partially embedded in a (e.g., polymeric) binder. Also described are (e.g., glass-ceramic) microspheres, methods of making microspheres, as well as compositions of glass materials and compositions of glass-ceramic materials. The microspheres generally comprise lanthanide series oxide(s), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), and optionally zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ).
1. A method of marking a pavement surface comprising:
providing a pavement surface; and
applying a pavement marking on the pavement surface, wherein the pavement marking comprises transparent microspheres at least partially embedded in a binder;
wherein at least some of the microspheres have an index of refraction of at least 2.35 and include at least 40 wt-% TiO 2 and at least 10 wt-% La 2 O 3 .
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least some of the microspheres have an index of refraction of at least 2.40.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least some of the microspheres comprise a glass-ceramic structure.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least some of the microspheres include at least 25 wt-% La 2 O 3 .
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least some of the microspheres further include about 5 wt-% to about 15 wt-% of at least one of ZrO 2 , HfO 2 , ThO 2 , and mixtures thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least some of the microspheres comprise:
45 wt-% to 70 wt-% TiO 2 ;
20 wt-% to 55 wt-% La 2 O 3 , and
5 to 25 wt-% of at least one of ZrO 2 , HfO 2 , ThO 2 , and mixtures thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least some of the microspheres include at least 90 wt-% of TiO 2 , La 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , HfO 2 , and ThO 2 .
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least some of the microspheres comprise:
60 wt-% to 65 wt-% TiO 2 ;
25 wt-% to 35 wt-% La 2 O 3 ; and
5 to 15 wt-% of at least one of ZrO 2 , HfO 2 , ThO 2 , and mixtures thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the binder comprises a pigment selected from at least one diffusely reflecting pigment, at least one specularly reflecting pigment, and combinations thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microspheres comprise a reflective coating.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pavement marking further comprises transparent microspheres having an index of refraction within the range of 1.5 to 2.0.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microspheres are fused.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microspheres are embedded in retroreflective elements.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pavement marking is a tape further comprising an adhesive and a backing and wherein at least a portion of the adhesive contacts the pavement surface.
15. A method of marking a pavement surface comprising:
providing a pavement surface; and
applying a retroreflective pavement marking on the pavement surface, wherein the pavement marking comprises transparent microspheres at least partially embedded in a binder;
wherein at least some of the microspheres have an index of refraction of at least 2.35 and comprise at least 50 mol-% TiO 2 and at least 5 mol-% Y 2 O 3 .
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the at least some of the microspheres further comprise at least 5 mol-% of at least one of ZrO 2 , HfO 2 , ThO 2 , and mixtures thereof.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the at least some of the microspheres further comprise at least 5 mol-% of at least one of La 2 O 3 , Gd 2 O 3 , and mixtures thereof.
18. A method of marking a pavement surface comprising:
providing a pavement surface; and
applying a retroreflective pavement marking on the pavement surface, wherein the pavement marking comprises transparent microspheres at least partially embedded in a binder wherein at least some of the microspheres have an index of refraction of at least 2.35 and comprise at least 50 mol-% TiO 2 and at least 5 mol-% of one or more metal oxides selected from oxides of the lanthanide series elements.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the at least some of the microspheres comprise:
70 mol-% to 82 mol-% TiO 2 ;
15 mol-% to 22 mol-% of one or more metal oxides selected from oxides of the lanthanide series elements; and
4 mol-% to 8 mol-% of at least one of ZrO 2 , HfO 2 , ThO 2 , and mixtures thereof.