Method of making porphyrins
A method of making a compound of Formula I: is carried out by condensing a pair of compounds of Formula II (which pair may be the same or different), or by condensing a compound of Formula III with a compound Formula IV, to produce a compound of Formula I. The condensing step may be carried out with a metal salt under basic conditions.
1. A method of making a compound of Formula I:
comprising: condensing (i) a compound of Formula III with a compound Formula IV:
with (ii) a metal salt under basic conditions to produce said compound of Formula I; wherein:
said metal salt is a magnesium, zinc, nickel, or indium salt;
each X is independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, NH, NR, (OR) 2 , (SR) 2 , and (SeR) 2 , wherein R is as given below;
each A is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkenyl, cycloalkylalkynyl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, acetal, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, alkoxy, halo, mercapto, azido, cyano, acyl, formyl, carboxylic acid, acylamino, ester, amide, hydroxyl, nitro, alkylthio, amino, alkylamino, arylalkylamino, disubstituted amino, acyloxy, sulfoxyl, sulfonyl, sulfonate, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide, urea, alkoxylacylamino, aminoacyloxy, linking groups, surface attachment groups, bioconjugatable groups, targeting groups, and water soluble groups;
each B is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkenyl, cycloalkylalkynyl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, acetal, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, alkoxy, acyl, formyl, carboxylic acid, acylamino, alkylthio, amino, alkylamino, arylalkylamino, disubstituted amino, linking groups, surface attachment groups, bioconjugatable groups, targeting groups, and water soluble groups;
each R is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkenyl, cycloalkylalkynyl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, acetal, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, alkoxy, halo, mercapto, azido, cyano, acyl, formyl, carboxylic acid, acylamino, ester, amide, hydroxyl, nitro, alkylthio, amino, alkylamino, arylalkylamino, disubstituted amino, acyloxy, sulfoxyl, sulfonyl, sulfonate, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide, urea, alkoxylacylamino, aminoacyloxy, linking groups, surface attachment groups, bioconjugatable groups, targeting groups, and water soluble groups;
or an adjacent pair of two R groups may together form an annulated arene or annulated alkene.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said metal salt is a magnesium or zinc salt.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said metal salt is a magnesium halide.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of displacing said metal to form a free base of said compound of Formula I.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said condensing step is carried out by microwave irradiation.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said condensing step is carried out in a non-coordinating or weakly coordinating solvent selected from the group consisting of toluene, xylene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, dichloroethane, chlorobenzene, anisole, and mixtures thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said condensing step is carried out in a non-coordinating or weakly coordinating solvent in the presence of a non-coordinating or weakly coordinating base selected from the group consisting of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene, DBN, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine, and mixtures thereof.