Implantable medical device with automatic ischemia threshold determination
An implantable medical device (IMD) performs periodic testing of a patient to determine ischemia threshold information. At selected times while the patient is at rest, the IMD increases the pacing rate over time until it receives feedback either from the patient or from an ischemia sensor. The IMD determines the threshold based upon the pacing rate at the time when the feedback was received. The threshold information can be used to adjust the upper pacing rate that can be used during rate adaptive pacing, to determine the effects of drug therapy, and to provide a general indication of the state of coronary artery disease in the patient. The periodic increase of pacing rate to the ischemic zone also provides a preconditioning of the myocardium to allow the patient greater exercise benefit without angina.
1. An implantable medical device (IMD) comprising:
at least a pair of pacing electrodes;
a pacing therapy delivery circuit operatively coupled to the pacing electrodes and configured to provide pacing signals to the pacing electrodes at a pacing rate;
a patient activity sensor coupled to the pacing therapy delivery circuit;
a patient input detector adapted to receive a patient-triggered telemetry signal;
an ischemia sensor; and
controller means for controlling operation of the pacing therapy delivery circuit, wherein the controller means periodically causes an ischemia threshold test to be performed when the patient activity sensor indicates a patient is at rest, wherein the controller means causes the pacing therapy delivery circuitry to increase the pacing rate over time until a feedback signal from either the patient input detector or the ischemia sensor is received, then causes the pacing therapy delivery circuitry to decrease the pacing rate, and causes an ischemia threshold value to be stored based upon the pacing rate at the time the feedback signal was received, wherein the controller adjusts an upper pacing rate limit for the pacing therapy delivery circuit based upon the ischemia threshold value.
2. An IMD according to claim 1 wherein the patient activity sensor provides a signal that is a function of at least one of patient posture, patient movement, patient respiration rate, and patient heart rate.
3. An IMD according to claim 1 , wherein the ischemia sensor comprises at least one of an electrical sensor, a chemical sensor, a biological marker sensor, and a mechanical sensor.
4. An IMD according to claim 1 , wherein the patient input detector is responsive to an externally generated signal.
5. An IMD according to claim 1 , wherein the controller determines timing of a next ischemia threshold test based upon a comparison of the ischemia threshold values from different tests.
6. An IMD according to claim 1 , wherein the controller causes ischemia threshold values to be transmitted by telemetry.
7. A method of performing ischemia threshold testing of a patient with coronary artery disease, the method comprising:
determining that the patient is at rest;
increasing a pacing rate of pacing signals delivered to the patient in response to a determination that the patient is at rest;
receiving a feedback signal;
decreasing the pacing rate of the pacing signals; and
storing an ischemia threshold value based upon the pacing rate when the feedback signal was received; and
adjusting an upper pacing rate limit for rate-adaptive pacing based upon the ischemia threshold value.
8. A method according to claim 7 , further comprising:
adjusting a time interval until a next test based on the ischemia threshold value.
9. A method according to claim 8 , wherein the time interval until a next test is based upon a comparison of the ischemia threshold value with at least one value derived from a preceding test.
10. A method according to claim 7 , wherein the feedback signal is produced by an ischemia detector.
11. A method according to claim 7 , wherein the feedback signal is a patient generated signal.
12. A method according to claim 7 , further comprising:
reporting ischemia threshold values representing results of a series of tests.
13. A method of determining an ischemia threshold of a patient, the method comprising:
determining whether the patient is at rest;
providing pacing pulses at an increasing pacing rate in response to the determination that the patient is at rest until ischemia is detected; and
determining an ischemia threshold value based upon the pacing rate when ischemia is detected; and
determining an upper pacing rate limit based upon the ischemia threshold value.
14. A method according to claim 13 , further comprising:
decreasing the pacing rate after ischemia is detected.
15. A method according to claim 13 , further comprising:
selecting a time interval until a next test based upon the ischemia threshold value.
16. A method according to claim 13 , further comprising:
reporting data representing ischemia threshold values determined during a series of tests.
17. An implantable medical device (IMD) comprising:
at least a pair of pacing electrodes;
a pacing therapy delivery circuit operatively coupled to the pacing electrodes and configured to provide pacing signals to the pacing electrodes at a pacing rate;
an ischemia sensor providing a feedback signal;
a patient activity sensor coupled to the pacing therapy delivery circuit; and
controller means for controlling operation of the pacing therapy delivery circuit, wherein, responsive to the patient activity sensor indicating the patient is at rest the controller means causes the pacing therapy delivery circuitry to increase the pacing rate over time until a feedback signal from the ischemia sensor is received, then causes the pacing therapy delivery circuitry to decrease the pacing rate, and causes an ischemia threshold value to be stored based upon the pacing rate at the time the feedback signal was received; and
wherein the controller adjusts an upper pacing rate limit for the pacing therapy delivery circuit based upon the ischemia threshold value.
18. An IMD according to claim 17 , wherein the patient activity sensor provides a signal that is a function of at least one of patient posture, patient movement, patient respiration rate, and patient heart rate.
19. An IMD according to claim 17 , wherein the ischemia sensor comprises at least one of an electrical sensor, a chemical sensor, a biological marker sensor, and a mechanical sensor.
20. An implantable medical device (IMD) comprising:
at least a pair of pacing electrodes;
a pacing therapy delivery circuit operatively coupled to the pacing electrodes and configured to provide pacing signals to the pacing electrodes at a pacing rate;
a patient activity sensor coupled to the pacing therapy delivery circuit;
a patient input detector adapted to receive a patient-triggered feedback signal;
controller means for controlling operation of the pacing therapy delivery circuit, wherein, responsive to the patient activity sensor indicating the patient is at rest the controller means causes the pacing therapy delivery circuitry to increase the pacing rate over time until a feedback signal from the patient input detector is received, then causes the pacing therapy delivery circuitry to decrease the pacing rate, and causes an ischemia threshold value to be stored based upon the pacing rate at the time the feedback signal was received; and
wherein the controller adjusts an upper pacing rate limit for the pacing therapy delivery circuit based upon the ischemia threshold value.
21. An IMD according to claim 20 , wherein the patient activity sensor provides a signal that is a function of at least one of patient posture, patient movement, patient respiration rate, and patient heart rate.