Prime indexing and/or other related operations

1. A method of determining a first index value from a first prime numeral or a second prime numeral from a second index value, said method comprising: storing a table of differences, said differences being between values of a closed form numerically determinable function and values of the number of prime numerals, for selected index values; employing said table to bound said first prime numeral or said second index value between an interval comprising two of said selected index values; and computing said first index value for said first prime numeral or said second prime numeral for said second index value by counting from one of said selected index values to said first index value or said second prime numeral.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said method is implemented for relatively large prime numerals.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said closed form numerically determinable function comprises the Riemann function or one or more variants of the Riemann function.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein said numerically determinable function comprises said one or more variants, said one or more variants comprising the Riemann function evaluated at selected complex zeros.

5. The method of claim 1 , and further including storing a table of prime numerals.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein, if prime numerals to be evaluated are below 2 m in magnitude, the table of prime numerals includes prime numerals below 2 m/2 .

7. The method of claim 5 , wherein said table includes no prime numerals above 2 m/2 .

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the table of differences is compressed.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the compression comprises entropy encoding or a variant of entropy encoding.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said counting includes sieving the interval.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein said sieving comprises Eratosthenes sieving.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein said sieving employs a stored table of division-related residues.

13. The method of claim 10 , wherein said sieving employs a stored table of divisor reciprocals.

14. The method of claim 10 , wherein said sieving employs a sieving wheel technique.

15. An article comprising: a storage medium having stored thereon instructions that if executed result in performance of a method of determining a first index value from a first prime numeral or a second prime numeral from a second index value as follows: storing a table of differences, said differences being between values of a closed form numerically determinable function and values of the number of prime numerals, for selected index values; employing said table to bound said first prime numeral or said second index value between an interval comprising two of said selected index values; and computing said first index value for said first prime numeral or said second prime numeral for said second index value by counting from one of said selected index values to said first index value or said second prime numeral.

16. The article of claim 15 , wherein said instructions if executed further result in: said method being implemented for relatively large prime numerals.

17. The article of claim 15 , wherein said instructions if executed further result in: said closed form numerically determinable function comprising the Riemann function or one or more variants of the Riemann function.

18. The article of claim 17 , wherein said instructions if executed further result in: said determinable function comprising said one or more variants, said one or more variants comprising the Riemann function evaluated at selected complex zeros.

19. The article of claim 15 , and further including stored a table of prime numerals.

20. The article of claim 19 , wherein said instructions if executed further result in: if prime numerals to be evaluated are below 2 m in magnitude, the table of prime numerals including prime numerals below 2 m/2 .

21. The article of claim 19 , wherein said instructions if executed further result in: said table including no prime numerals above 2 m/2 .

22. The article of claim 15 , wherein t said instructions if executed further result in: he table of differences being compressed.

23. The article of claim 22 , wherein said instructions if executed further result in: the compression comprising entropy encoding or a variant of entropy encoding.

24. The article of claim 15 , wherein said instructions if executed further result in: said counting including sieving the interval.

25. The article of claim 24 , wherein said instructions if executed further result in: said sieving comprising Eratosthenes sieving.

26. The article of claim 24 , wherein said instructions if executed further result in: said sieving employing a stored table of division-related residues.

27. The article of claim 24 , wherein said instructions if executed further result in: said sieving employing a stored table of divisor reciprocals.

28. The article of claim 24 , wherein said instructions if executed further result in: said sieving employing a sieving wheel technique.

29. An apparatus comprising: means for storing a table of differences, said differences being between values of a closed form numerically determinable function and values of the number of prime numerals, for selected index values; means for employing said table to bound said first prime numeral or said second index value between an interval comprising two of said selected index values; and means for computing said first index value for said first prime numeral or said second prime numeral for said second index value by counting from one of said selected index values to said first index value or said second prime numeral.

30. The apparatus of claim 29 , wherein said apparatus is capable of being implemented for relatively large prime numerals.

31. The apparatus of claim 29 , wherein said closed form numerically determinable function comprises the Riemann function or one or more variants of the Riemann function.

32. The apparatus of claim 31 , wherein said determinable function comprises said one or more variants, said one or more variants comprising the Riemann function evaluated at or capable of being evaluated at selected complex zeros.

33. The apparatus of claim 29 , and further including a stored table of prime numerals.

34. The apparatus of claim 33 , wherein, if prime numerals to be evaluated by said apparatus are below 2 m in magnitude, the table of prime numerals includes prime numerals below 2 m/2 .

35. The apparatus of claim 33 , wherein said table includes no prime numerals above 2 m/2 .

36. The apparatus of claim 29 , wherein the table of differences is compressed.

37. The apparatus of claim 36 , wherein the compression employed comprises entropy encoding or a variant of entropy encoding.

38. The apparatus of claim 29 , wherein said means for counting includes means for sieving the interval.

39. The apparatus of claim 38 , wherein said means for sieving comprises means for Eratosthenes sieving.

40. The apparatus of claim 38 , wherein said means for sieving includes a stored table of division-related residues.

41. The apparatus of claim 38 , wherein said means for sieving includes a stored table of divisor reciprocals.

42. The apparatus of claim 38 , wherein said means sieving includes means for wheel sieving.

43. An apparatus comprising: a computing platform; said computing platform being adapted to store a table of differences, said differences being between values of a closed form numerically determinable function and values of the number of prime numerals, for selected index values, to employ said table to bound said first prime numeral or said second index value between an interval comprising two of said selected index values, and to compute said first index value for said first prime numeral or said second prime numeral for said second index value by counting from one of said selected index values to said first index value or said second prime numeral.

44. The apparatus of claim 43 , wherein said computing platform is capable of being implemented for computations for relatively large prime numerals.

45. The apparatus of claim 43 , wherein said closed form numerically determinable function comprises the Riemann function or one or more variants of the Riemann function.

46. The apparatus of claim 45 , wherein said determinable function comprises said one or more variants, said one or more variants comprising the Riemann function evaluated at or capable of being evaluated at selected complex zeros.

47. The apparatus of claim 43 , and further including a stored table of prime numerals.

48. The apparatus of claim 47 , wherein, if prime numerals to be evaluated are below 2 m in magnitude, the table of prime numerals includes prime numerals below 2 m/2 .

49. The apparatus of claim 47 , wherein said table includes no prime numerals above 2 m/2 .

50. The apparatus of claim 43 , wherein the table of differences is compressed.

51. The apparatus of claim 50 , wherein the compression employed comprises entropy encoding or a variant of entropy encoding.

52. The apparatus of claim 43 , wherein said computing platform is adapted so that said counting is capable of including sieving the interval.

53. The apparatus of claim 52 , wherein said computing platform is adapted so that said sieving is capable of including Eratosthenes sieving.

54. The apparatus of claim 52 , wherein said computing platform is adapted so that sieving is capable of employing a stored table of division-related residues.

55. The apparatus of claim 52 , wherein said computing platform is adapted so that said sieving is capable of employing a stored table of divisor reciprocals.

56. The apparatus of claim 52 , wherein said computing platform is adapted so that said sieving is capable of employing a sieving wheel technique.

57. A method of processing one or more electronic signals, said method comprising: determining, on a computing platform executing at least one particular software application, said one or more electronic signals as follows: storing a table of differences, said differences being between values of a closed form numerically determinable function and values of the number of prime numerals, for selected index values; employing said table to bound a first prime numeral or a second index value between an interval comprising two of said selected index values; and computing a first index value for said first prime numeral or a second prime numeral for said second index value by electronically counting from one of said selected index values to said first index value or said second prime numeral;

wherein said values, including said prime numerals, are respectively represented on said computing platform by one or more electronic signal values.

58. The method of claim 57 , wherein said one or more electronic signal values are determined for a relatively large prime numeral.

59. The methods of claim 57 , wherein said closed form numerically determinable function comprises the Riemann function or one or more variants of the Riemann function.

60. The method of claim 59 , wherein said numerically determinable function comprises said one or more variants, said one or more variants comprising the Riemann function evaluated at selected complex zeros.

61. The method of claim 57 , wherein said one or more electronic signal values having further been determined using a table of prime numerals.

62. The methods of claim 61 , wherein, if prime numerals to be evaluated are below 2 m in magnitude, the table of prime numerals includes prime numerals below 2 m/2 .

63. The methods of claim 61 , wherein said table includes no prime numerals above 2 m/2 .

64. The signal of claim 57 , wherein the table of differences is compressed.

65. The methods of claim 64 , wherein the compression comprises entropy encoding or a variant of entropy encoding.

66. The method of claim 57 , wherein said one or more electronic signal values having been determined by said electronically counting including sieving the interval.

67. The method of claim 66 , wherein said one or more electronic signal values having been determined by said sieving comprises Eratosthenes sieving.

68. The method of claim 66 , wherein said one or more electronic signal values having been determined by employing a stored table of division-related residues.

69. The method of claim 66 , wherein said one or more electronic signal values having been determined by employing a stored table of divisor reciprocals.

70. The method of claim 66 , wherein said one or more electronic signal values having been determined by employing a sieving wheel technique.