Power generation from solid aluminum
A fuel for splitting water into hydrogen and an oxide component comprises a substantially solid pellet formed from a solid-like mixture of a solid-state source material capable of oxidizing in water to form hydrogen and a passivation surface layer of the oxide component, and a passivation preventing agent that is substantially inert to water in an effective amount to prevent passivation of the solid-state material during oxidation. The pellets are brought into contact with an alloy of the passivation preventing agent having a melting point temperature below that of the solid-like mixture to initiate the hydrogen-producing reaction at a lower temperature.
1. A fuel for splitting water into hydrogen and an oxide component comprising:
a pellet formed from a solid-like mixture of (a) a solid-state material and (b) a first passivation preventing agent, wherein the solid state material is capable of oxidizing in water to form hydrogen and a passivation surface layer of the oxide component, and wherein the first passivation preventing agent is substantially inert to water in an effective amount to prevent passivation of the solid-state material during oxidation; and
a liquid-phase alloy including a second passivation preventing agent, said alloy having a melting point temperature below the melting point temperature of said solid-like mixture,
wherein the pellet consists essentially of 50% (fifty percent) aluminum, 34% (thirty-four percent) gallium, 11% (eleven percent) indium and 5% (five percent) tin by weight.
2. A fuel for splitting water into hydrogen and an oxide component, comprising:
a pellet formed from a solid-like mixture of (a) a solid-state material and (b) a first passivation preventing agent, wherein the solid state material is capable of oxidizing in water to form hydrogen and a passivation surface layer of the oxide component, and wherein the first passivation preventing agent is substantially inert to water in an effective amount to prevent passivation of the solid-state material during oxidation; and
a liquid-phase alloy including a second passivation preventing agent, said alloy having a melting point temperature below the melting point temperature of said solid-like mixture,
wherein the solid-state material is aluminum, the oxide component is aluminum oxide, the first and second passivation preventing agents are gallium, and said liquid-phase alloy includes gallium and indium and consists essentially of about 80% (eighty percent) and 20% (twenty percent) by weight gallium to indium (80/20 Ga/In).
3. A fuel for splitting water into hydrogen and an oxide component, comprising:
a pellet formed from a solid-like mixture of (a) a solid-state material and (b) a first passivation preventing agent, wherein the solid state material is capable of oxidizing in water to form hydrogen and a passivation surface layer of the oxide component, and wherein the first passivation preventing agent is substantially inert to water in an effective amount to prevent passivation of the solid-state material during oxidation; and
a liquid-phase alloy including a second passivation preventing agent, said alloy having a melting point temperature below the melting point temperature of said solid-like mixture,
wherein the solid-state material is aluminum, the oxide component is aluminum oxide, the first and second passivation preventing agents are gallium, and said liquid-phase alloy includes gallium, indium and tin.
4. The fuel of claim 3 , wherein said liquid-phase alloy consists essentially of about 68% (sixty-eight percent) gallium, 22% (twenty-two percent) indium and 10% (ten percent) tin by weight.
5. A fuel for splitting water into hydrogen and an oxide component, comprising:
a pellet formed from a solid-like mixture of (a) a solid-state material and (b) a first passivation preventing agent, wherein the solid state material is capable of oxidizing in water to form hydrogen and a passivation surface layer of the oxide component, and wherein the first passivation preventing agent is substantially inert to water in an effective amount to prevent passivation of the solid-state material during oxidation; and
a liquid-phase alloy including a second passivation preventing agent, said alloy having a melting point temperature below the melting point temperature of said solid-like mixture,
wherein the solid-state material is aluminum, the oxide component is aluminum oxide, the first and second passivation preventing agents are gallium, and the solid-like mixture consists essentially of between about 80% (eighty percent) and 20% (twenty percent) by weight aluminum to gallium and about 20% (twenty percent) and 80% (eighty percent) by weight aluminum to gallium.
6. A fuel for splitting water into hydrogen and an oxide component comprising:
a pellet formed from a solid-like mixture of aluminum and gallium; and
a liquid-phase alloy including gallium and having a melting point temperature below the melting point temperature of said solid-like mixture,
wherein said liquid-phase alloy includes indium and tin.