Self-regenerating nanotips for low-power electric propulsion (EP) cathodes
Spindt-type field-emission cathodes for use in electric propulsion (EP) systems having self-assembling nanostructures that can repeatedly regenerate damaged cathode emitter nanotips. A nanotip is created by applying a negative potential near the surface of a liquefied base metal to create a Taylor cone converging to a nanotip, and solidifying the Taylor cone for use as a field-emission cathode. When the nanotip of the Taylor cone becomes sufficiently blunted or damaged to affect its utility, the base metal is re-liquefied by application of a heat source, a negative potential is reapplied to the surface of the base metal to recreate the Taylor cone, and a new nanotip is generated by solidifying the base metal.
1. A method for regenerating a field-emission cathode for an electronic propulsion system, the method comprising:
providing an electric propulsion system including a field-emission cathode, the field-emission cathode comprising an electrode adjacent to an extraction site, wherein the extraction site has a base metal comprising indium associated therewith;
applying a negative bias to the electrode, the negative bias producing a discharge current of greater than 5 μA, wherein the electrode is downstream from the extraction site, to create a Taylor cone having a cone tip in the base metal at the extraction site;
solidifying the base metal to preserve the Taylor cone;
applying a positive bias to the electrode so that the Taylor cone functions as a field-emission cathode; and
regenerating the cone tip after it has become damaged by re-liquefying the base metal, applying a negative bias to the electrode to regenerate the Taylor cone tip, and re-solidifying the base metal to preserve the cone tip.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising providing a heat source associated with the base metal, such that the base metal is re-liquefied by application of heat from the heat source.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the base metal is selected from the group consisting of indium, a gold-indium alloy, and an indium-bismuth alloy.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the extraction site is the tip of a single needle emitter.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the single needle emitter comprises tungsten.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the extraction site is the opening in a capillary emitter.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Taylor cone tip has a radius of about 5 nm to about 200 nanometers.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein during regeneration the Taylor cone becomes an ion emitter that can be used to provide high-Isp and high-efficiency micropropulsion capability to a spacecraft.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the base metal is indium.
10. A method for regenerating a field-emission cathode for an electronic propulsion system, the method comprising:
providing an electric propulsion system including a field-emission cathode, the field-emission cathode comprising an electrode adjacent to an extraction site, wherein the extraction site has a base metal comprising indium associated therewith;
applying a negative bias to the electrode, wherein the negative bias produces a discharge current of at least 25 μA and wherein the electrode is downstream from the extraction site, to create a Taylor cone having a cone tip in the base metal at the extraction site;
solidifying the base metal to preserve the Taylor cone;
applying a positive bias to the electrode so that the Taylor cone functions as a field-emission cathode; and
regenerating the cone tip after it has become damaged by re-liquefying the base metal, applying a negative bias to the electrode to regenerate the Taylor cone tip, and re-solidifying the base metal to preserve the cone tip.