Electromagnetic wave resistivity tool having a tilted antenna for geosteering within a desired payzone
This invention is directed to a downhole method and apparatus for simultaneously determining the horizontal resistivity, vertical resistivity, and relative dip angle for anisotropic earth formations. The present invention accomplishes this objective by using an antenna configuration in which a transmitter antenna and a receiver antenna are oriented in non-parallel planes such that the vertical resistivity and the relative dip angle are decoupled. Preferably, either the transmitter or the receiver is mounted in a conventional orientation in a first plane that is normal to the tool axis, and the other antenna is mounted in a second plane that is not parallel to the first plane. This invention also relates to a method and apparatus for steering a downhole tool during a drilling operation in order to maintain the borehole within a desired earth formation. The steering capability is enabled by computing the difference or the ratio of the phase-based or amplitude-based responses of the receiver antennas which are mounted in planes that are not parallel to the planes of the transmitter antennas. Although this invention is primarily intended for MWD or LWD applications, this invention is also applicable to wireline and possibly other applications.
1. A method of evaluating an earth formation during a drilling operation, comprising the acts of:
providing a resistivity logging tool configured for incorporation into a drill string, the logging tool comprising,
a tool body having a longitudinal axis,
a first transmitter coil antenna extending in a cutout around the tool body,
a first receiver coil antenna extending in a cutout around the tool body,
a rotational position indicator that comprises at least one of: an inclinometer, a gyroscope, and a fluxgate magnetometer, and
a processor assembly, and
wherein the first transmitter antenna is oriented at a first angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the tool body, and wherein first receiver antenna is oriented at a second angle relative to the longitudinal axis, and wherein the first and second angles are not the same;
during the drilling operation, rotating the logging tool relative to the longitudinal axis;
transmitting an electromagnetic wave into the earth formation through use of the first transmitter antenna;
receiving electromagnetic energy from the earth formation at the first receiver antenna; and
using said processor assembly to provide an advance indication of a bed boundary based at least in part on the received electromagnetic energy at the first receiver antenna and information from the rotational position indicator, said advance indication being indicative of a difference or ratio of the received electromagnetic energy at opposite azimuths in the tool's rotation.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the logging tool further comprises:
a covering over the first transmitter antenna; and
a covering over the first receiver antenna.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the logging tool further comprises a second receiver antenna, and wherein the second receiver antenna is oriented at third angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the tool body, and wherein said third angle is not the same as said first angle.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein said first and second receiver antennas are oriented in parallel with one another.
5. A method of steering a drill string during a drilling operation, comprising the acts of:
providing a resistivity logging tool configured for incorporation into the drill string, the logging tool comprising,
a metal body having a longitudinal axis,
a first transmitter antenna extending around the metal body, and located in a cutout in the metal body,
a first receiver antenna extending around the metal body, and located in a cutout in the metal body,
a rotational position indicator that comprises at least one of: an inclinometer, a gyroscope, and a fluxgate magnetometer, and
processor circuitry coupled to said first receiver antenna, and
wherein the first transmitter antenna is oriented at a first angle relative to the longitudinal axis, and wherein first receiver antenna is oriented at a second angle relative to the longitudinal axis, and wherein the first and second angles are not the same;
during the drilling operation, rotating the logging tool relative to the longitudinal axis;
transmitting an electromagnetic wave into an earth formation through use of the first transmitter antenna;
receiving electromagnetic energy from the earth formation that is a result of the electromagnetic wave being transmitted into the earth formation, at the first receiver antenna;
associating the received electromagnetic energy with an azimuthal orientation, and
using said processor circuitry to generate a steering signal at least partially in reference to a difference or ratio of the received electromagnetic energy at the first receiver antenna at opposite azimuthal orientations.
6. The method of steering a drill string of claim 5 , wherein said logging tool further comprises:
a second transmitter antenna extending around the metal body, and located in a cutout in the metal body; and
a second receiver antenna extending around the metal body, and located in a cutout in the metal body;
wherein the second transmitter antenna is oriented at a third angle relative to the longitudinal axis, and wherein second receiver antenna is oriented at a fourth angle relative to the longitudinal axis, and wherein the third and fourth angles are not the same.
7. The method of steering a drill string of claim 6 , wherein the act of using the processor circuitry to generate a steering signal comprises determining a difference signal relative to electromagnetic energy received at said first receiver antenna and electromagnetic energy received at said second receiver antenna.
8. The method of steering a drill string of claim 5 , wherein said logging tool further comprises:
a third transmitter antenna extending around the metal body, and located in a cutout in the metal body; and
a fourth transmitter antenna extending around the metal body, and located in a cutout in the metal body.