De-fatted soy production process and value added by-products from de-fatted soy flour
An improved process for producing de-fatted soy utilizing a de-fatted soy flour and for producing value added by-products from de-fatted soy flour wherein soybeans are de-hulled and the de-hulled stream ground to a flour consistency. The ground soy flour is mixed with water and other additives to produce a vitamin and mineral enriched stream that is then filtered to various value added by-products. In a preferred embodiment the vitamin and mineral enriched stream is filtered through a 0.1-1.0 micron membrane to produce a de-fatted soy product stream and a fatted soy product stream. The fatted soy product stream can be dried to produce dry, less than 12% water by weight, product for use in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. The de-fatted soy product can be filtered through reverse osmosis (RO) filtration unit to obtain a vitamin and mineral enriched product stream that can be dried to powder form and used as a food supplement additive. If desired the full fatted soy flour or the de-fatted soy product stream can be combined with whole stillage from an ethanol process and used in producing various other value added products.
1. An improved ethanol production process comprising:
(a) milling a carbohydrate-containing material to produce a carbohydrate-containing flour having a median particle size of less than about 100 microns;
(b) hydrolyzing the carbohydrate-containing flour under operating conditions to form a mixture comprising partially gelatinized carbohydrate-containing flour and cleaved terminal amylose groups, wherein the terminal amylose groups are cleaved from the carbohydrate-containing flour;
(c) dehulling full fat soybeans to produce soy hulls and de-hulled soy meal;
(d) milling the soy hulls to produce a soy hull flour having a median particle size of less than about 100 microns;
(e) adding the soy hull flour to the mixture to form a slurry, the slurry comprising the partially gelatinized carbohydrate-containing flour, the cleaved terminal amylose groups, and the soy hull flour;
(f) fermenting the slurry to produce fermented slurry, the fermented slurry comprising ethanol and whole stillage; and
(g) distilling the fermented slurry to separate the ethanol from the whole stillage.
2. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 1 further comprising:
(a) milling the de-hulled soy meal to produce a de-hulled soy meal flour having a median particle size of less than about 100 microns;
(b) mixing water with the de-hulled soy meal flour to form a de-hulled soy meal flour slurry;
(c) filtering the de-hulled soy meal flour slurry through a microfilter having a pore size of about 0.1-1.0 microns to produce (i) a defatted soy solution comprising nutrients useful in the formulation of neutraceuticals or acrylic paint, and (ii) a retentate comprising soy oil, soy proteins and soy carbohydrates forming an emulsion;
(d) filtering the whole stillage through a microfilter to form a whole stillage permeate; and
(e) mixing said defatted soy solution with said whole stillage permeate.
3. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 2 , further comprising drying the emulsion under conditions to reduce the water content of the emulsion to less than about 12% to form a product useful in formulating cosmetic or pharmaceutical products.
4. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 1 , further comprising:
(a) milling the de-hulled soy meal to produce a de-hulled soy meal flour having a median particle size of less than about 100 microns;
(b) mixing water with the de-hulled soy meal flour to form a de-hulled soy meal flour slurry; and
(c) mixing the de-hulled soy meal flour slurry with the whole stillage to form a stillage-slurry mixture.
5. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 4 , further comprising:
(a) mixing nutrients with the stillage-slurry mixture;
(b) extruding the stillage-slurry mixture and nutrients mixed nutrients under extruding conditions comprising pressures of 300-3000 psi and temperatures of 100° C.-200° C. to form an extruded stream; and
(c) drying the extruded stream to form a protein enriched product having a water content less than about 12% by weight.
6. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 1 , further comprising:
(a) mixing water and additives with the carbohydrate-containing flour in step (b) to form a slurry, wherein the additives comprise one or more enzymes in an amount of 0.5%-1.5% by dry weight.
7. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 6 wherein the additives include nutrients, and the ratio of the carbohydrate-containing flour, water, enzymes and nutrients in the slurry is about 100:20:1.5:1 to about 100:15:0.5:0.5 by weight.
8. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 7 wherein the mixing and hydrolyzing is performed in an extruder.
9. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 6 wherein the operating conditions during hydrolyzing comprises extruding at pressures of 300-3000 psi. temperatures of 100° C.-200° C., and for a time to cleave at 20%-40% of the terminal amylose groups from the carbohydrate-containing flour.
10. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 6 wherein:
(a) the carbohydrate-containing material is whole corn kernels;
(b) the operating conditions during hydrolyzing comprise pressures of about 500 psi and temperatures of 80° C.-130° C., for 45-60 seconds; and
(c) at least one of the enzymes functions to promote hydrolyzing the slurry and cleaving the terminal amylose groups.
11. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 1 , further comprising filtering a dehulled soy flour of median particle size less than 100 microns, forming a permeate comprising a defatted soy solution and mixing the defatted soy solution with the whole stillage.
12. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 1 , further comprising:
(a) after said distillation of said ethanol, filtering the whole stillage through a microfilter having a pore size of about 0.1-1.0 microns to produce (i) a nutrient-containing permeate and (ii) a retentate comprising proteins, carbohydrates, fat globules, cell wall materials and oil;
(b) drying the retentate to form a product having a water content of less than about 12% by weight useful in the formulation of cosmetic or pharmaceutical products.
13. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 12 , further comprising:
(a) de-hulling full fat soybeans to produce soy hulls and de-hulled soy meal;
(b) milling the de-hulled soy meal to produce a de-hulled soy meal flour having a median particle size of less than about 100 microns;
(c) mixing water with the de-hulled soy meal flour to form a de-hulled soy meal flour slurry;
(d) filtering the de-hulled soy meal flour slurry through a microfilter having a pore size of about 0.1-1.0 microns to produce (i) a defatted soy solution and (ii) a retentate emulsion;
(e) mixing the defatted soy solution and the nutrient-containing permeate to form a modified whole stillage stream; and
(f) extruding the modified whole stillage stream to form a byproduct containing feedstock.
14. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 13 , further comprising:
(a) filtering the byproduct feedstock through an ultrafilter configured to have a molecular weight cut-off greater than about 1,000,000 to produce (i) a soy protein containing retentate and (ii) a first permeate stream; and
(b) drying the soy protein containing retentate under conditions to produce a soy protein containing product having a water content less than about 12% by weight.
15. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 14 , further comprising:
(a) filtering the first permeate stream through a reverse osmosis filtration unit capable of operating at pressures of at least 5000 psi. and having a pore size configured to separate vitamins, minerals and soy carbohydrates from the first permeate stream to form (i) a low molecular weight material containing retentate and (ii) a water-rich permeate; and
(b) drying the low molecular weight material retentate under conditions to produce a low molecular weight containing product having a water content less than about 12% by weight.
16. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 15 , wherein said improved ethanol process is continuous and further comprises mixing at least a portion of the water-rich permeate with the carbohydrate-containing flour prior to hydrolyzing.
17. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 14 , wherein the carbohydrate-containing material is corn, and further comprising:
(a) filtering the byproduct feedstock through a second ultrafilter laving a pore size configured to have a molecular weight cut-off greater than about 50,000 to produce (i) a non-zein protein containing retentate and (ii) a second permeate stream containing zein corn proteins; and
(b) drying the non-zein protein containing retentate under conditions to produce a non-zein protein containing product having a water content less than about 12% by weight.
18. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 17 , further comprising:
(a) filtering the second permeate stream through a third ultrafilter having a pore size configured to have a molecular weight cut-off of about 10,000 to produce (i) a zein corn protein containing retentate and (ii) a third permeate stream containing medium and low molecular weight dextrins; and
(b) drying the zein corn protein containing retentate to produce a zein corn protein, containing product having a water content less than about 12% by weight.
19. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 18 , further comprising:
(a) filtering the third permeate stream containing medium and low molecular weight dextrins through a nanofilter having a pore size configured to have a molecular weight cut-off less than about 10,000 to produce (i) a low and medium molecular weight dextrin containing retentate and (ii) a fourth permeate stream; and
(b) drying the low and medium molecular weight dextrin containing retentate to produce a dextrin containing product having a water content less than about 12% by weight.
20. The improved ethanol production process according to claim 18 further comprising:
(a) mixing water and additives with said carbohydrate containing flour prior to hydrolyzing, wherein the additives comprise one or more enzymes, wherein one of the enzymes is alpha-amylase and another of the enzymes is an enzyme other than alpha-amylase having an activity to promote the production of cyclodextrins during the fermenting;
(b) filtering the third permeate stream through a nanofilter having a pore size configured to have a molecular weight cut-off of 2,000 to produce (i) a cyclodextrin containing retentate and (ii) a fourth permeate stream; and
(c) drying the cyclodextrin containing retentate to produce a cyclodextrin containing product having a water content less than about 12% by weight.