Adjuvant comprising non-toxic cross-linked muramyl dipeptide (MDP) microparticles derived from Propionibacterium acnes
Methods and compositions for treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of a virus comprise administering to a patient antibodies which react with regions of viral proteins and result in neutralization of infectivity and inactivation of functionally essential events in the life cycle of the virus. The antibodies recognize viral epitopes which fail to elicit an immune response in man when encountered through infection or naturally through the environment. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides compositions and methods useful in the treatment and diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The present invention is also directed to chemical conjugates (herein referred to as MDP) adjuvant microparticle-antigen conjugates) that have a muramyl dipeptide backbone crosslinked into a microparticle capable of binding to the cell surface of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs), to which is covalently attached one or more molecules having a reactive carbonyl group (i.e. an aldehyde and ketone group that is capable of reacting with amino groups to form an imine or Schiff base) on either the MDP adjuvant microparticle or on the antigen whereas the antigen is one or more glycoproteins, proteins, polypeptides or peptides that are capable of eliciting an immune response when covalently attached to the MDP microparticle adjuvant. Also disclosed are methods for making the conjugates, using the conjugates to elicit an immune response in a mammal.
1. An adjuvant composition comprising:
multiple repeats of muramyl dipeptide composed of amino-linked L-alanine-D-isoglutamine dipeptides isolated from Propionibacterium acnes by successive washes with gradual concentrations of ethanol/methanol/water,
wherein the multiple repeats of muramyl dipeptide are crosslinked to form a non-toxic muramyl dipeptide microparticle, and wherein the muramyl dipeptide microparticle is capable of carrying an immunogenic peptide or protein, for stimulating an immune response when delivered to a mammal.
2. An adjuvant composition of claim 1 further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
3. An adjuvant composition of claim 1 , wherein the diameter of the muramyl dipeptide microparticle is from 0.1 to 0.2 microns.
4. An adjuvant composition of claim 1 , wherein the diameter of the muramyl dipeptide microparticle is from 0.05 to 0.1 microns.
5. An adjuvant composition of claim 1 , wherein at least one immunogenic peptide or protein is conjugated to the surface of the muramyl dipeptide microparticle.
6. An adjuvant composition of claim 5 , wherein at least one said peptide or protein comprises at least one epitope region which does not activate an immune response in man when encountered through infection or environmental exposure but does activate an immune response in at least one non-human mammal.
7. An adjuvant composition of claim 1 , wherein the immunogenic peptide or protein is a viral peptide or protein.
8. An adjuvant composition of claim 2 , wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is an aqueous carrier.
9. An adjuvant composition of claim 2 , wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is an oil or an oil-based carrier.
10. An adjuvant composition of claim 2 , wherein the composition is an oil-in-water or a water-in-oil emulsion.
11. An adjuvant composition of claim 5 , wherein at least one immunogenic peptide or protein is a viral peptide or protein.