Sulfur tolerant highly durable CO
A sorbent for the capture of carbon dioxide from a gas stream is provided, the sorbent containing calcium oxide (CaO) and at least one refractory dopant having a Tammann temperature greater than about 530° C., wherein the refractory dopant enhances resistance to sintering, thereby conserving performance of the sorbent at temperatures of at least about 530° C. Also provided are doped CaO sorbents for the capture of carbon dioxide in the presence of SO 2 .
1. A sorbent for the capture of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from gas comprising CO 2 , the sorbent comprising calcium oxide (CaO) and at least one refractory dopant having a Tammann temperature greater than about 530° C., wherein the sorbent has a metal to calcium atomic ratio of about 1:1, about 1:5, about 1:10, about 3:10, about 1:20, or about 1:50, wherein the refractory dopant comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of silicon, titanium, chromium, cobalt, cerium, zirconium, and mixtures thereof, and wherein the refractory dopant enhances resistance to sintering, thereby conserving a nanostructure of the sorbent at temperatures of at least about 530° C.
2. The sorbent of claim 1 , wherein the refractory dopant comprises zirconium.
3. The sorbent of claim 2 , wherein the atomic ratio of zirconium to calcium is about 3:10.
4. The sorbent of claim 1 , wherein the sorbent exhibits a substantially constant carbonation capacity during repeated cycles of carbonation and regeneration.
5. The sorbent of claim 4 , wherein the carbonation capacity is at least about 60%.
6. The sorbent of claim 4 , wherein the carbonation capacity is about 64%.
7. The sorbent of claim 4 , wherein the carbonation capacity remains substantially constant at temperatures of from about 200° C. to about 800° C.
8. The sorbent of claim 4 , wherein the sorbent exhibits a substantially constant carbonation capacity during repeated cycles of carbonation and regeneration in the presence of water vapor.
9. The sorbent of claim 8 , wherein the gas comprising CO 2 comprises up to about 10 vol. % water vapor.
10. The sorbent of claim 1 , wherein the sorbent has a specific surface area of at least about 40 m 2 /g.
11. The sorbent of claim 1 , wherein the sorbent has a pore volume of at least about 0.2 cm 3 /g.
12. The sorbent of claim 1 , wherein the sorbent substantially lacks affinity for oxygen (O 2 ) and nitrogen (N 2 ).
13. A process for manufacturing a sorbent comprising at least one refractory dopant for the capture of CO 2 from gas comprising CO 2 , the process comprising flame spray pyrolysis of a calcium precursor and at least one refractory dopant precursor to provide a refractory-doped nanoparticulate CaO sorbent, wherein the sorbent has a metal to calcium atomic ratio of about 1:1, about 1:5, about 1:10, about 3:10, about 1:20, or about 1:50, and wherein the refractory dopant has a Tammann temperature greater than about 530° C. and is selected from the group consisting of silicon, titanium, chromium, cobalt, cerium, zirconium, and mixtures thereof, wherein the refractory dopant enhances resistance to sintering, thereby conserving a nanostructure of the sorbent at temperatures of at least about 530° C.
14. A process for manufacturing according to claim 13 , wherein the refractory-doped nanoparticulate CaO sorbent comprises particles of from about 5 nm to about 50 nm in diameter.