Use of ketogenic compounds for treatment of age-associated memory impairment
This invention relates to the field of therapeutic agents for the treatment of Age-Associated Memory Impairment (AAMI). In particular, the present invention utilizes compositions comprising at least one compound capable of elevating ketone body concentrations in a mammal (e.g., ketogenic compounds), administered in an amount effective for treatment or prevention of loss of cognitive function caused by reduced neuronal metabolism in AAMI. In one embodiment, the composition includes medium chain triglycerides (MCT). In another embodiment, the compositions are administered in the presence of carbohydrate. The present invention also relates to oral dosage forms, in particular, a nutritional drink comprising at least one compound capable of elevating ketone body concentrations in a mammal.
1. A method of treatment for Age-Associated Memory Impairment (AAMI), comprising the steps of:
identifying a mammal having, or at risk of AAMI; and
administering to the mammal a composition comprising medium chain triglycerides (MCT) of the formula:
wherein the R1, R2, and R3 esterified to the glycerol backbone are each independently fatty acids having 5-12 carbon chains in an amount effective for the treatment of loss of cognitive function caused by reduced neuronal metabolism in AAMI, and wherein greater than 95% of the R1, R2, and R3 carbon chains are 8 carbons in length, or wherein about 50% of the R1, R2 and R3 carbon chains are 8 carbons in length and about 50% of the R1, R2 and R3 carbon chains are about 10 carbons in length.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein greater than 95% of the R1, R2, and R3 carbon chains are 8 carbons in length.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the remaining R1, R2, and R3 carbon chains are 6-carbon or 10-carbon chains.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein about 50% of the R1, R2, and R3 carbon chains are 8 carbons in length and about 50% of the R1, R2 and R3 carbon chains are about 10 carbons in length.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises glucose.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the medium chain triglyceride is administered in an amount effective to induce hyperketonemia.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the hyperketonemia results in ketone bodies being utilized for energy in the brain.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition increases the circulating concentration of at least one type of ketone body in the mammal.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the amount of β-hydroxybutyrate is raised in the blood of the mammal.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the amount of β-hydroxybutyrate is raised to between about 0.1 millimolar to about 10 millimolar at about two hours post administration.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the amount of β-hydroxybutyrate is raised to between about 0.15 millimolar to 0.3 millimolar at about two hours post administration.
12. The method of claim 9 wherein urinary excretion level of β-hydroxybutyrate is from about 5 to about 160 mg/dL.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition is administered at a dose of about 0.05 g/kg/day to about 10 g/kg/day.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition is administered at a dose of about 0.1 g/kg/day to about 2 g/kg/day.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition is a ready-to-drink beverage, powdered beverage formulation, nutritional or dietary supplement selected from the group consisting of gelatin capsule or tablet, suspension, parenteral solution, or a food product formulated for human consumption.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mammal is a human.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the administering step is on a regular basis comprising at least once daily.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the composition is administered as part of a daily treatment regimen for at least about one week.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the composition is administered as part of a daily treatment regimen for at least about three months.
20. The method of claim 1 , comprising the further step of determining the ApoE status of the mammal.
21. The method of claim 20 , comprising the further step of selecting a mammal for treatment if the mammal lacks the ApoE4 alleles.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein efficacy for treatment of loss of cognitive function caused by reduced neuronal metabolism in AAMI is determined by results from at least one neuropsychological test.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the neuropsychological test is selected from the group consisting of Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), First-Last Names Association Test (FLN), Telephone Dialing Test (TDT), Memory Assessment Clinics Self-Rating Scale (MAC-S), Symbol Digit Coding (SDC), SDC Delayed Recall Task (DRT), Divided Attention Test (DAT), Visual Sequence Comparison (VSC), DAT Dual Task (DAT Dual), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).