Transparent conducting components and related electro-optic modulator devices

1. A side conduction electro-optic modulator device operable at a switching voltage, said device comprising:

a waveguide comprising a core component comprising a non-linear electro-optical material, said core component having a refractive index, and opposed optically-transparent electrically-conductive waveguide cladding components, a portion of one said cladding component above and directly contacting said core component and a portion of another said cladding component below and directly contacting said core component, each said cladding component having a refractive index one of equal to and greater than said core component refractive index; and

opposed electrode components, at least one said electrode component positioned to a side of said core component, each said electrode component coupled to said waveguide component with a said cladding component,

each said cladding component comprising a transparent conducting metal oxide compound providing a transparency and electrical conductivity for a frequency response at a said switching voltage.

2. The device of claim 1 wherein the conductivity of each said cladding component is at least partially a function of the carrier concentration of said transparent conducting metal oxide compound.

3. The device of claim 2 wherein said carrier concentration is greater than about 1.0×10 19 /cm 3 .

4. The device of claim 3 wherein said conductivity is greater than about 0.375 S/cm.

5. The device of claim 4 wherein the ratio of conductivity to optical loss coefficient is less than about 0.035 S.

6. The device of claim 5 in which the frequency response is greater than about 1 gigahertz.

7. The device of claim 6 in which the said voltage is lower than about 5 volts.

8. The device of claim 1 wherein each said transparent conducting oxide cladding component is coupled to a metal electrode, said device incorporated into an RF transmission line apparatus.

9. The device of claim 1 wherein each said cladding component has a thickness dimension thinner than about λ/5 where λ is the wavelength of the optical beam being modulated.

10. The device of claim 1 wherein said thickness dimension ranges from about 50 nm to about 100 nm, said device configured for modulation at a wavelength ranging from about 1000 nm to about 1550 nm.

11. The device of claim 1 comprising at least one of an upper and lower second cladding component, said second cladding component comprising a material having a refractive index less than said core refractive index, for vertical waveguiding.

12. The device of claim 1 in which the frequency response is greater than about 20 gigahertz.

13. The device of claim 12 in which the said voltage is lower than about 5 volts.

14. A side conduction electro-optic modulator device operable at a switching voltage, said device comprising:

a waveguide comprising a core component comprising a non-linear electro-optical material, said core component having a refractive index, and opposed optically-transparent electrically-conductive waveguide cladding components, a portion of one said cladding component above and directly contacting said core component and a portion of another said cladding component below and directly contacting said core component, each said cladding component having a refractive index one of equal to and greater than said core component refractive index at an operative wavelength; and

opposed electrode components, at least one said electrode component positioned to a side of said core component, each said electrode component coupled to said waveguide component with a said cladding component,

each said cladding component comprising a transparent conducting metal oxide compound providing a transparency and electrical conductivity for a frequency response at a said switching voltage, and each said transparent conducting oxide cladding component coupled to a metal electrode, said device incorporated into an RF transmission line apparatus.

15. The device of claim 14 wherein each said cladding component comprises a material having a refractive index greater than said core component refractive index.

16. A side conduction electro-optic modulator device comprising a waveguide comprising a core component; opposed waveguide cladding components; and opposed electrode components, at least one said electrode component positioned to a side of said core component, each said electrode component coupled to said waveguide with a said cladding component and each said cladding component comprising a transparent metal oxide compound, said compound having a carrier concentration greater than about 1.0×10 16 /cm 3 .

17. The device of claim 16 , said cladding component comprising a conductivity greater than about 50 S/cm.

18. The device of claim 17 wherein the ratio of conductivity to optical loss coefficient is less than about 1 S.

19. The device of claim 16 wherein said cladding component comprises an indium oxide.

20. The device of claim 19 comprising an additive selected from Gd, Zn, Sn and combinations thereof.

21. The device of claim 16 wherein said cladding component comprises a zinc oxide.

22. The device of claim 21 wherein said oxide compound comprises an additive selected from In, Gd, Sn and combinations thereof.

23. The electrode of claim 21 wherein said cladding component has a thickness dimension ranging from about 50 nm to about 100 nm.

24. The device of claim 23 in a modulator device configured for modulation at a wavelength ranging from about 1000 nm to about 1500 nm.