Hollow waveguide cavity ringdown spectroscopy
Laser light is confined in a hollow waveguide between two highly reflective mirrors. This waveguide cavity is used to conduct Cavity Ringdown Absorption Spectroscopy of loss mechanisms in the cavity including absorption or scattering by gases, liquid, solids, and/or optical elements.
1. A method, comprising:
defining an optical cell with a linear hollow waveguide cavity; and
conducting cavity ringdown absorption spectroscopy for measurements of loss mechanisms in the linear hollow waveguide cavity, wherein light energy for exciting the linear hollow waveguide cavity is introduced into the linear hollow waveguide cavity through a back of a cavity mirror positioned at an end of a linear hollow waveguide.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein measurements of loss mechanisms in the hollow waveguide cavity correspond to at least one of gas concentration measurements and light extinction by a gas.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein measurements of loss mechanisms in the hollow waveguide cavity correspond to at least one of liquid concentration measurements, light extinction by a liquid including mixtures and liquids adhered to the cavity mirror or the linear hollow waveguide.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein measurements of loss mechanisms in the hollow waveguide cavity correspond to at least one of solid concentration measurements, light extinction by a solid including aerosols, particles suspended in a gas and/or liquid, and solids adhered to the cavity mirror or the linear hollow waveguide.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein measurements of loss mechanisms in the hollow waveguide cavity correspond to loss mechanisms associated with optical elements of the optical cell including at least one of the cavity mirror, the waveguide and optical elements placed inside a cavity of the waveguide.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein measurements of loss mechanisms in the hollow waveguide cavity correspond to light loss mechanisms associated with at least one of holes, imperfections, particles, defects, and voids in a cavity of the waveguide.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hollow waveguide comprises a low attenuation loss waveguide that is adapted to entrain at least one of a gas, liquid, and solid sample and wherein the optical cell comprises holes in the waveguide, the cavity mirror, and/or gaps between the waveguide and the cavity mirror that facilitate introduction of the at least one of a gas, liquid, and solid sample to the hollow waveguide cavity.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hollow waveguide comprises a Bragg hollow waveguide including alternating dielectric layers surrounding a hollow core.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hollow waveguide comprises a photonic bandgap waveguide.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hollow waveguide comprises a photonic crystal waveguide.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising using a transverse mode converter to generate and couple lower attenuation loss modes and modal fields into the hollow waveguide cavity.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein a pulsed laser is used to excite cavity modes.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein a continuous laser is used to excite cavity modes.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hollow waveguide cavity is tuned by changing a cavity length of the linear hollow waveguide.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hollow waveguide cavity is tuned by changing an injection angle of light into the hollow waveguide cavity or by focusing injection light to excite a distribution of modal propagation angles that have a corresponding wavelength that is resonant with the cavity.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein light energy for exciting the cavity is focused through an aperture in the cavity mirror positioned at the end of the linear hollow waveguide.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the aperture comprises a portion of the mirror with a reduced reflectivity as compared to a reflectivity of a remainder of the mirror, the aperture is less than 50 μm in diameter, and the aperture is positioned at a center of a surface of the mirror.
18. A cavity ringdown spectroscopy system, comprising:
an optical cell including a straight path hollow waveguide positioned between two mirrors, the two mirrors configured to reflect light between one another within the straight path hollow waveguide, wherein the optical cell is configured to conduct cavity ringdown absorption spectroscopy for measurements of loss mechanisms within the straight path hollow waveguide.
19. The system of claim 18 , wherein the straight path hollow waveguide comprises a Bragg hollow waveguide including alternating dielectric layers surrounding a hollow core and wherein measurements of loss mechanisms within the straight path hollow waveguide correspond to gas concentration measurements.
20. The system of claim 18 , further comprising a transverse mode converter to match an optical source to modes defined by the straight path hollow waveguide.
21. The system of claim 18 , wherein the optical cell includes a plurality of straight path hollow waveguides defined in a single microstructured fiber, wherein each of the plurality of straight path hollow waveguides defined in the single microstructured fiber are configured to conduct cavity ringdown absorption spectroscopy therein.
22. The system of claim 18 , wherein one of the mirrors has an aperture that is substantially smaller than an inner diameter of the hollow waveguide.
23. The system of claim 22 , wherein the aperture comprises a portion of the mirror with a reduced reflectivity as compared to a reflectivity of a remainder of the mirror, the aperture is less than 50 μm in diameter, and the aperture is positioned at a center of a surface of the mirror.