Production of fatty acid and fatty acid ester
The present invention concerns a process for forming a fatty acid, a fatty acid ester or a mixture thereof from a soap-comprising starting material, in which process a metal-ion forming agent is added to the starting material, whereby a mixture is formed, which contains an insoluble phase and a liquid phase, the insoluble phase is separated from the liquid phase, and an acid is added into the insoluble phase to form a fatty acid, or a monohydric alcohol and an acid catalyst are added to form a fatty acid ester, whereby two phases are formed, an aqueous phase and an organic phase, or, first, an acid is added and then a monohydric alcohol and an acid catalyst are added into at least a portion of the formed fatty acid to esterify the fatty acid.
1. A process for forming a mixture of fatty acids and fatty acid esters from a starting material containing soap and alcohol, wherein the alcohol is methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol or a polyhydric alcohol or a mixture of several alcohols, characterized by
adding a metal-ion forming agent into the starting material, said metal-ion forming agent transforming the soap into a precipitate, to produce a mixture containing an insoluble phase and a liquid phase,
separating the insoluble phase from the liquid phase, and
adding an acid into the insoluble phase to form a fatty acid, and forming a fatty acid ester by adding a monohydric alcohol and an acid catalyst to the acid-containing insoluble phase to form a fatty acid ester, whereby two phases are formed, an aqueous phase and an organic phase, or by adding first an acid and then adding a monohydric alcohol and an acid catalyst into at least a portion of the formed fatty acid to esterify the fatty acid.
2. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the polyhydric alcohol is glycerol.
3. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the starting material is a fraction formed as a result of the transesterification of a lipid.
4. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the metal-ion forming agent is calcium chloride or magnesium chloride.
5. The process according to claim 1 , characterized by adding the metal-ion forming agent as a solid or as a liquid.
6. The process according to claim 1 , characterized by adding the metal-ion forming agent in an amount that precipitates at least 40 mol-% of the soap of the starting material.
7. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the insoluble phase comprises the soap.
8. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the liquid phase comprises the polyhydric alcohol or the monohydric alcohol or a mixture of several alcohols.
9. The process according to claim 1 , characterized by adding an acid into the insoluble phase, whereby a fatty acid or a mixture of fatty acids is formed.
10. The process according to claim 1 , characterized by adding a monohydric alcohol and an acid catalyst, into the insoluble phase to form a fatty acid ester.
11. The process according to claim 1 , characterized by adding first an acid to the insoluble phase to form a fatty acid, and then adding a monohydric alcohol and an acid catalyst into at least a portion of the formed fatty acid to esterify the fatty acid.
12. The process according to claim 10 , characterized in that the molar amount of monohydric alcohol compared to the molar amount of organic matter is at least 40%.
13. The process according to claim 11 , characterized in that the molar amount of monohydric alcohol compared to the molar amount of organic matter is at least 40%.
14. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the organic phase comprises a fatty acid ester or a mixture of fatty acid esters and the aqueous phase comprises water and mineral salts.
15. The process according to claim 1 , characterized by separating the organic phase and the aqueous phase from each other and collecting them.
16. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the metal-ion forming agent is calcium chloride.
17. The process according to claim 1 , characterized by adding the metal-ion forming agent as a solid.
18. The process according to claim 1 , characterized by adding the metal-ion forming agent in an amount through which a stoichiometric amount of metal ion is formed with regard to the amount of soap.
19. The process according to claim 1 , characterized by adding the metal-ion forming agent in an amount through which a stoichiometric amount of metal ion in excess of 10 mol-% is formed with regard to the amount of soap.
20. The process according to claim 1 , characterized by adding hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid into the insoluble phase, whereby a fatty acid or a mixture of fatty acids is formed.
21. The process according to claim 1 , characterized by adding a monohydric alcohol and an acid catalyst into the insoluble phase to form a fatty acid ester, wherein the acid catalyst is hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid.
22. The process according to claim 10 , characterized in that the molar amount of monohydric alcohol compared to the molar amount of organic matter is an equivalent amount.
23. The process according to claim 11 , characterized in that the molar amount of monohydric alcohol compared to the molar amount of organic matter is an equivalent amount.