Wind turbine with slender blade
Wind turbine with a rotor blade relatively insensitive to turbulence because it is more slender than prior blades and is nevertheless able to generate sufficient lift by virtue of the fact that flow enhancing elements such as vortex generators combat flow separation. The slenderness is defined by the chord numbers C and D of which C is defined as C=Nc r c l rλ 2 /R 2 , in which N is the number of blades, c r is the local chord, c l the lift coefficient, r the radial position, λ the tip speed ratio and R the rotor radius. Subsequently, the chord should be less than what follows from the equation C=M in which M=−1.19+9.74C p −21.01C p 2 +17.50C p 3 and C p is the power coefficient. This wind turbine is subject to about 2-12% less operational loads and to about 5-40% reduced survival wind speed loads compared to classical designs.
1. A wind turbine comprising a blade with an aerodynamic profile, said profile having in the range of 0.2R to 0.95R a 10 minutes averaged lift coefficient c l larger than 1.1, wherein within a range from 0.4R to 0.95R a vortex generator is disposed on said blade.
2. The wind turbine according to claim 1 wherein for tip speed ratios λ pertaining to the undisturbed wind speeds between 8 and 10 m/s, the chord number D (=Nc r rλ 2 /R 2 ) for said blade between 0.5R and 0.8R and or the chord number D averaged over the range between 0.5R and 0.8R is less than 3.00, and particularly less than 2.75, and more particularly less than 2.50.
3. The wind turbine according to claim 1 comprising first type fibres which are located between 5% c and 70% c wherein within a cross section in the radial range between 0.3R and 0.7R said unidirectional fibres at the aerodynamic pressure side consist of at least 25% carbon fibres and particularly that said unidirectional fibres at the aerodynamic suction side comprise for at least 25% glass fibres.
4. The wind turbine according claim 1 wherein having a rotor the diameter of the rotor is larger than 60 m.
5. The wind turbine according to claim 1 wherein said blade comprises an airfoil with camber of more than 6% c.
6. The wind turbine according to claim 1 of a vertical axis type wherein the tip speed ratio λ is smaller than 3½ and particularly smaller than 3 and more particularly smaller than 2½.
7. The wind turbine according to claim 1 wherein said vortex generators comprise a surface of one of the plastics PVDF, FEP, PEEK, PI, PEI, PES and PFTE.
8. The wind turbine according to claim 1 , wherein said vortex generators are arranged at an angle of less than 10° to the tangentials related to the centre of rotation.
9. The wind turbine according to claim 1 wherein the upstream side of more than 70% of said vortex generators has a shorter distance to the centre of rotation than the downstream side.
10. The wind turbine according to claim 1 , wherein upstream of a base line with vortex generators, extra vortex generators are installed at a greater distance apart.
11. The wind turbine according to claim 1 wherein the effectiveness of the vortex generators is regulated by changing the position, or opening them out to a greater or lesser degree, or submerging them partly in the blade surface and in particular by activating the vortex generators by MEM tabs or piezoelectrics.
12. The wind turbine according to claim 1 comprising airfoil sections wherein the ratio c l,max /c l,min is less than −1.2-0.2% cam.
13. The wind turbine according to claim 1 wherein said turbine has two active control options and in particular has one active control option and more in particular has no active control options, said control options are in the group pitch control and variable rotation speed control.
14. A wind turbine comprising a blade with an aerodynamic profile, said profile having in the range of 0.2R to 0.95R a 10 minutes averaged lift coefficient c l larger than 1.1, wherein in the case that the power coefficient ⅓<C p < 16/27 that M=−1.19+9.74C p −21.01C p 2 +17.50C p 3 and that in said case in the radial range between 0.5R and 0.9R for a horizontal axis turbine and between 0.8R and R for a vertical axis turbine, the local chord is smaller than which follows from the equation C=M and or the average chord in said ranges is smaller than which follows from the equation C=M assuming that c l =1.1.
15. A wind turbine comprising a blade with an aerodynamic profile, said profile having in the range of 0.2R to 0.95R and in particular of 0.5R to 0.95R a 10 minutes averaged lift coefficient c l larger than 1.1, wherein said blade in the direction from a tip towards a root at a radial position between 0.7R and 0.2R splits in an upper blade and a lower blade with in between a free space and that both the upper blade and the lower blade contribute to the aerodynamic lift and in particular that at a certain radial position the distance between the lower and the upper blade is larger than 5% R and more in particular is larger than 10% R.
16. The wind turbine according to claim 15 wherein within the range from 0.4R to 0.95R, a lift increasing means is integrated with said blade or is attached to it as a separate element.
17. The wind turbine according to claim 15 wherein for tip speed ratios λ pertaining to the undisturbed wind speeds between 8 and 10 m/s, the chord number D (=Nc r rλ 2 /R 2 ) for said blade between 0.5R and 0.8R and or the chord number D averaged over the range between 0.5R and 0.8R is less than 3.00.
18. A wind turbine comprising a blade with an aerodynamic profile, said profile having in the range of 0.2R to 0.95R and in particular of 0.5R to 0.95R a 10 minutes averaged lift coefficient c l larger than 1.1, wherein said blade comprises profiles of at least 25% thickness which are used at radial positions larger than 0.55R.
19. The wind turbine according to claim 18 with at the suction side an inlet located at a radial position between 5% R and 70% R wherein said inlet is via a channel connected to an outlet located at a radial position which is relative to the inlet larger by at least a factor 0.9√2.
20. The wind turbine according to claim 18 wherein for tip speed ratios λ pertaining to the undisturbed wind speeds between 8 and 10 m/s, the chord number D (=Nc r rλ 2 /R 2 ) for said blade between 0.5R and 0.8R and or the chord number D averaged over the range between 0.5R and 0.8R is less than 3.00.
21. The wind turbine according to claim 18 wherein in the case that the power coefficient ⅓<C p < 16/27 that M=−1.19+9.74C p 21.01C p 2 +17.50C p 3 and that in said case in the radial range between 0.5R and 0.9R for a horizontal axis turbine and between 0.8R and R for a vertical axis turbine, the local chord is smaller than which follows from the equation C=M and or the average chord in said ranges is smaller than which follows from the equation C=M assuming that c l =1.1.
22. The wind turbine according to claim 18 wherein within the range from 0.4R to 0.95R a vortex generator is integrated with said blade or is attached to it as a separate element.
23. The wind turbine according to claim 18 comprising first type fibres which are located between 5% c and 70% c wherein within a cross section in the radial range between 0.3R and 0.7R said unidirectional fibres at the aerodynamic pressure side consist of at least 25% carbon fibres and particularly that said unidirectional fibres at the aerodynamic suction side comprise for at least 25% glass fibres.
24. The wind turbine according to claim 18 wherein said blade comprises an airfoil with camber of more than 6% c.
25. A wind turbine comprising a blade with an aerodynamic profile, said profile having in the range of 0.2R to 0.95R a 10 minutes averaged lift coefficient c l larger than 1.1, wherein said blade comprises vortex generators located at the pressure side of a profile which preferably is thicker than 25% c, wherein said vortex generators are located at a chord position larger than 30% c.
26. A method of replacing a wind turbine blade, comprising removing a first blade of an existing turbine, and replacing a replacement blade in the turbine, wherein said replacement blade includes an aerodynamic profile, said profile having in the range of 0.2R to 0.95R and in particular of 0.5R to 0.95R a 10 minutes averaged lift coefficient c l larger than 1.1, particularly larger than 1.2 and more particularly larger than 1.4 and more particularly preferably about 1.6, and particularly that said replacement blade in the range of 0.7R to 0.95R comprises a local chord c r which is at least 10% and more particularly at least 20% smaller than the local chord c r of said first blade.