Electrical insulation of devices with thin layers
A novel, economical electrical insulation method for the production of ultra-thin insulation layers using a solution coating method. Thin hydrophobic self-assembled bi-functional layers of less than 10 nm thick were deposited by a simple solution method and demonstrated to electrically insulate micro-/nano-devices for in-water detection applications. The insulation layer includes a hydrophobic group which repels water and permits superb insulation properties of the ultra-thin layers. The insulation layer has the additional advantages that it binds to a metal or metal oxide surface and to sensing receptors by covalent bonding using standard silane chemistry.
1. A device comprising:
a substrate comprising a metal or a metal with a metal oxide surface,
an insulation layer derived from bi-functional molecules, said bi-functional molecules comprising a hydrophobic group and a group covalently bound to the metal or metal oxide surface of the substrate, wherein the insulation layer has a thickness of 1-10 nm and wherein the bi-functional molecules comprise methyltrimethoxysilane, and
at least a second bi-functional molecule having the structure (I):
(RO) 3 Si(CH 2 ) y —X (I)
wherein y is an integer from 1-20, each RO— represents a hydrolysable silanol group bonded to the silicon atom, and X represents a hydrophobic organo-functional group other than a methyl group.
2. A device as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic group is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl, alkyl halide, alkene, alkyne, and sulfhydryl.
3. A device as claimed in claim 2 , wherein said at least one second bi-functional molecules is bound to the substrate by a silanol group.
4. A device as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising proteins, small peptide chains or DNA coupled to a surface of the insulation layer.
5. A device as claimed in claim 4 , wherein the proteins, small peptide chains or DNA are covalently bound to the surface of the insulation layer.
6. A device comprising:
a substrate comprising a metal or a metal with a metal oxide surface,
an insulation layer derived from bi-functional molecules, said bi-functional molecules comprising a hydrophobic group and a group covalently bound to the metal or metal oxide surface of the substrate, wherein the insulation layer has a thickness of 1-10 nm and wherein the bi-functional molecules comprise methyltrimethoxysilane, and
proteins, small peptide chains or DNA coupled to a surface of the insulation layer.
7. A device as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the proteins, small peptide chains or DNA are covalently bound to the surface of the insulation layer.
8. A device comprising:
a substrate comprising a metal or a metal with a metal oxide surface,
an insulation layer derived from bi-functional molecules, said bi-functional molecules comprising a hydrophobic group and a group covalently bound to the metal or metal oxide surface of the substrate, wherein the insulation layer has a thickness of 1-10 nm and wherein the bi-functional molecules comprise methyltrimethoxysilane, and
wherein the device further comprises 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane as a second bi-functional molecule.
9. A device as claimed in claim 8 , further comprising proteins, small peptide chains or DNA coupled to a surface of the insulation layer.
10. A device as claimed in claim 9 , wherein the proteins, small peptide chains or DNA are covalently bound to the surface of the insulation layer.
11. An insulated piezoelectric cantilever suitable for use in an aqueous environment comprising:
a piezoelectric layer,
at least one conductive layer in contact with the piezoelectric layer, said at least one conductive layer comprising a metal or a metal with a metal oxide surface, and
an insulation layer including a reactive silanol group, said insulation layer being derived from bi-functional molecules, said bi-functional molecules comprising a hydrophobic group and
said bi-functional molecules being covalently bound directly to a surface of one said conductive layer by a silanol group or when said surface of the conductive layer comprises gold, platinum or copper, said bi-functional molecules being covalently bound directly to the surface of one said conductive layer by a sulfhydryl group.
12. An insulated piezoelectric cantilever as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the hydrophobic group is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl, alkyl halide, alkene, alkyne, and sulfhydryl.
13. An insulated piezoelectric cantilever as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the bi-functional molecules comprise methyltrimethoxysilane.
14. An insulated piezoelectric cantilever as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the bi-functional molecules comprise 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane.
15. An insulated piezoelectric cantilever as claimed in claim 11 , further comprising proteins, small peptide chains or DNA coupled to a surface of the insulation layer.
16. An insulated piezoelectric cantilever as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the proteins, small peptide chains or DNA are covalently bound to the surface of the insulation layer.
17. An insulated piezoelectric cantilever as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the bi-functional molecules comprise a group selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, thiol, amine, amide, carboxylic acid, aldehyde, ketone anhydride halide, alkene, alkyne, which couples the proteins, small peptide chains or DNA to a surface of the insulation layer.
18. An insulated piezoelectric cantilever as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the insulation layer has a thickness of 1 to 2000 nm.
19. An insulated piezoelectric cantilever as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the insulation layer has a thickness of 1 to 10 nm.