In-situ nanoparticle formation in polymer clearcoats
Methods and compositions for forming a transparent clear coat characterized by a desired property, such as a color effect, resistance to UV light-induced degradation and/or scratch resistance, on a substrate are detailed according to embodiments of the present invention. Particular compositions and methods for producing a transparent clear coat layer include nanoparticles formed in-situ during curing of a transparent clear coat. Curable clear coat compositions are described according to embodiments of the present invention which include one or more substantially dissolved nanoparticle precursors.
1. A method of forming a transparent coating on a substrate, the transparent coating having a color effect, resistance to UV light-induced degradation and/or scratch resistance, comprising:
applying a curable clear coat composition comprising a first nanoparticle precursor, wherein the curable clear coat composition comprising a first nanoparticle precursor is substantially free of undissolved first nanoparticle precursor; and
curing the curable clear coat composition to form a transparent coating comprising a polymer selected from the group consisting of: aminoplasts, melamine formaldehydes, carbamates, polyurethanes, polyacrylates, epoxies, polycarbonates, alkyds, vinyls, polyamides, polyolefins, phenolic resins, polyesters, polysiloxanes; and combinations of any of these; and a plurality of in-situ formed nanoparticles having an average particle size in the range of about 1-100 nanometers, inclusive, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles confers a color effect, resistance to UV light-induced degradation and/or scratch resistance to the transparent coating.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the plurality of nanoparticles is characterized by a plasmon resonance absorption in the visible range.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first nanoparticle precursor is a metal salt.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanoparticles is a plurality of nanoparticles characterized by an amount of elemental metal in the range of about 95-100% of the total weight of the plurality of nanoparticles and wherein the plurality of nanoparticles confers a color effect to the transparent coating.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first nanoparticle precursor is HAuCl 4 .
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first nanoparticle precursor comprises a metal salt capable of being reduced under curing conditions to elemental metal.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first nanoparticle precursor comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of: Au, Ag, Bi, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pt, Sb, Se and Sn.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the curable clear coat composition further comprises a second nanoparticle precursor.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first nanoparticle precursor is HAuCl 4 and the second nanoparticle precursor comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of: Al, Au, Ag, Bi, Ce, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pt, Sb, Se, Si, Sn and Ti.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first nanoparticle precursor is HAuCl 4 and the second nanoparticle precursor is selected from the group consisting of: selenium chloride, tin chloride, iron nitrate, antimony acetate, nickel nitrate, copper nitrate, cobalt nitrate, chromium nitrate, manganese nitrate, bismuth citrate, aluminum nitrate, tetramethylorthosilicate, titanium tetrabutoxide, and combinations thereof.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the second nanoparticle precursor is substantially dissolved in the curable clear coat composition.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the curable clear coat composition is substantially free of nanoparticles.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles are substantially uniformly dispersed throughout the transparent coating.