Non-stoichiometric mixed-phase titania photocatalyst
A mixed anatase-rutile phase, non-stoichiometric titania photocatalyst material is a highly reactive and is a UV and visible light responsive photocastalyst in the as-deposited condition (i.e. without the need for a subsequent thermal treatment). The mixed phase, non-stoichiometric titania thin film material is non-stoichiometric in terms of its oxygen content such that the thin film material shows a marked red-shift in photoresponse.
1. A mixed phase, non-stoichiometric titania photocatalyst material that is responsive to UV and visible illumination as deposited on a substrate wherein the material is non-stochiometric in terms of its oxygen content.
2. The material of claim 1 which shows a red-shift in photoresponse (absorbance in the visible light wavelength range).
3. The material of claim 1 that comprises 50-80% by weight of anatase phase and balance rutile phase.
4. The material of claim 3 having a columnar morphology having column bundles of intermixed anatase nanocolumns and rutile nanocolumns.
5. The material of claim 4 wherein each nanocolumn of anatase is 20-40 nm in diameter and each nanocolumn of rutile is 10-20 nm in diameter.
6. The material of claim 4 wherein columnar bundles are oriented at an angle of less than 90 degrees to a flat substrate surface.
7. A method of photocatalytically reacting a reactant, comprising contacting the reactant and the photocatalyst material of claim 1 under UV or visible light illumination.
8. A method of photoreduction of carbon dioxide to methane, comprising contacting the carbon dioxide and the photocatalyst material of claim 1 under UV or visible light illumination.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the material uses water as both a hole scavenger and proton donor.
10. A method of making a titania photocatalyst material, comprising removing titanium atoms from a target in the presence of oxygen whose concentration is limited in a manner to deposit a mixed phase, non-stoichiomeric titania material on a substrate wherein the deposited material is non-stoichiometric with respect to its oxygen content and wherein the deposited material is reactive and responsive to UV and visible illumination.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein a stabilizing gas is present in a trace amount to stabilize the removing of the titanium atoms from the target without introducing the stabilizing gas into the deposited material.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein partial pressure of oxygen is controlled in a transition mode that provides said deposited material which is non-stoichiometric with respect to its oxygen content.