Synthesis of chlorins and phorbines with enhanced red spectral features

1. A compound of Formula DII:

wherein:

M is a metal or is absent;

X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of Se, NH, CH 2 , O and S;

Z is halo;

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 21 , R 22 , R 31 and R 32 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkenyl, cycloalkylalkynyl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, alkoxy, halo, mercapto, azido, cyano, acyl, formyl, carboxylic acid, acylamino, ester, amide, hydroxyl, nitro, alkylthio, amino, alkylamino, arylalkylamino, disubstituted amino, acyloxy, sulfoxyl, sulfonyl, sulfonate, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide, urea, alkoxylacylamino, aminoacyloxy, protein, peptide, antibody, nucleic acid, and polyalkylene oxide;

wherein each pair of R 1 and R 2 , R 3 and R 4 , R 11 and R 12 , R 13 and R 14 , R 21 and R 22 , or R 31 and R 32 , can together form ═O;

wherein R 2 and R 3 can together form a double bond; and R 12 and R 13 can together form a double bond;

and wherein each of R 1 and R 2 , R 3 and R 4 , R 11 and R 12 , or R 13 and R 14 , can together form spiroalkyl.

2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R 31 and R 32 are each independently H, alkyl, or aryl;

or one of R 31 and R 32 is H and the other is cyano;

or one of R 31 and R 32 is H and the other is ester.

3. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R 31 and R 32 are each independently H or alkyl.

4. A compound of Formula DII:

wherein:

M is a metal or is absent;

X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of Se, NH, CH 2 , O and S;

Z is halo;

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 21 , R 22 , R 31 and R 32 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkenyl, cycloalkylalkynyl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, alkoxy, halo, mercapto, azido, cyano, acyl, formyl, carboxylic acid, acylamino, ester, amide, hydroxyl, nitro, alkylthio, amino, alkylamino, arylalkylamino, disubstituted amino, acyloxy, sulfoxyl, sulfonyl, sulfonate, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide, urea, alkoxylacylamino, aminoacyloxy, groups, bioconjugatable groups, targeting groups, and water soluble groups protein, peptide, antibody, nucleic acid, and polyalkylene oxide;

wherein each pair of R 1 and R 2 , R 3 and R 4 , R 11 and R 12 , R 13 and R 14 , R 21 and R 22 , or R 31 and R 32 , can together form ═O;

wherein R 2 and R 3 can together form a double bond; and R 12 and R 13 can together form a double bond;

and wherein each of R 1 and R 2 , R 3 and R 4 , R 11 and R 12 , or R 13 and R 14 , can together form spiroalkyl;

and subject to the proviso that: (i) at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 21 , R 22 , R 31 and R 32 is a group of the Formula:

wherein R a and R b are each an independently selected ionic group, polar group, bioconjugatable group, or targeting group, and Alk a and Alk b are each an independently selected C1-C50 alkylidene chain; or (ii) at least one pair of R 11 and R 12 , R 13 and R 14 , R 21 and R 22 , and R 23 and R 24 are both independently selected Alk′R′, wherein Alk′ is a C1-C50 alkylidene chain, and R is protein, peptide, antibody, nucleic acid, or polyalkylene oxide.

5. The compound of claim 1 , wherein each said cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclo, aryl, and heteroaryl, independently or as a part of another group, is independently selected from the group consisting of:

azulenyl, indanyl, indenyl, naphthyl, phenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl,

cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl,

azetidine, azepine, aziridine, diazepine, 1,3-dioxolane, dioxane, dithiane, furan, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, isothiazole, isothiazoline, isothiazolidine, isoxazole, isoxazoline, isoxazolidine, morpholine, oxadiazole, oxadiazoline, oxadiazolidine, oxazole, oxazoline, oxazolidine, piperazine, piperidine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrrole, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrazine, tetrazole, thiadiazole, thiadiazoline, thiadiazolidine, thiazole, thiazoline, thiazolidine, thiophene, thiomorpholine, thiomorpholine sulfone, thiopyran, triazine, triazole, trithiane,

benzimidazole, benzothiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzothiophene, benzoxadiazole, benzoxazole, benzofuran, benzopyran, benzothiopyran, benzodioxine, 1,3-benzodioxole, cinnoline, indazole, indole, indoline, indolizine, naphthyridine, isobenzofuran, isobenzothiophene, isoindole, isoindoline, isoquinoline, phthalazine, purine, pyranopyridine, quinoline, quinolizine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, tetrahydroquinoline, and thiopyranopyridine.

6. The compound of claim 4 , wherein each said cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclo, aryl, and heteroaryl, independently or as a part of another group, is independently selected from the group consisting of:

azulenyl, indanyl, indenyl, naphthyl, phenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl,

cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl,

azetidine, azepine, aziridine, diazepine, 1,3-dioxolane, dioxane, dithiane, furan, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, isothiazole, isothiazoline, isothiazolidine, isoxazole, isoxazoline, isoxazolidine, morpholine, oxadiazole, oxadiazoline, oxadiazolidine, oxazole, oxazoline, oxazolidine, piperazine, piperidine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrrole, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrazine, tetrazole, thiadiazole, thiadiazoline, thiadiazolidine, thiazole, thiazoline, thiazolidine, thiophene, thiomorpholine, thiomorpholine sulfone, thiopyran, triazine, triazole, trithiane,

benzimidazole, benzothiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzothiophene, benzoxadiazole, benzoxazole, benzofuran, benzopyran, benzothiopyran, benzodioxine, 1,3-benzodioxole, cinnoline, indazole, indole, indoline, indolizine, naphthyridine, isobenzofuran, isobenzothiophene, isoindole, isoindoline, isoquinoline, phthalazine, purine, pyranopyridine, quinoline, quinolizine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, tetrahydroquinoline, and thiopyranopyridine.