Wetting resistant materials and articles made therewith
Ceramic materials with relatively high resistance to wetting by various liquids, such as water, are presented, along with articles made with these materials, methods for making these articles and materials, and methods for protecting articles using coatings made from these materials. One particular embodiment is an article that comprises a coating having a surface connected porosity content of up to about 5 percent by volume. The coating comprises a material that comprises a primary oxide and a secondary oxide, wherein (i) the primary oxide comprises a cerium cation, and (ii) the secondary oxide comprises a cation selected from the group consisting of the praseodymium and neodymium. The material is transparent to electromagnetic radiation of at least one type selected from the group consisting of ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and infrared radiation.
1. An article, comprising:
a coating comprising a material, wherein the material comprises
(i) a primary oxide comprising a cerium cation, and
(ii) a secondary oxide comprising a cation selected from the group consisting of praseodymium and neodymium;
wherein the material is transparent to electromagnetic radiation of at least one type selected from the group consisting of ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and infrared radiation;
wherein substantially all of the material within the article has an overall porosity of lower than about 5 percent by volume.
2. The article of claim 1 , wherein the material makes up at least about 50 percent by volume of the coating.
3. The article of claim 1 , wherein the coating further comprises a surface texture.
4. The article of claim 1 , wherein the secondary oxide comprises praseodymium oxide.
5. The article of claim 4 , wherein cerium cation makes up at least about 7 molar percent of the cations present in the material.
6. The article of claim 5 , wherein cerium cation makes up a molar percentage of the cations present in the material in the range from about 7 percent to about 60 percent.
7. The article of claim 1 , wherein the secondary oxide comprises neodymium oxide.
8. The article of claim 7 , wherein cerium cation makes up at least about 20 molar percent of the cations present in the material.
9. The article of claim 8 , wherein cerium cation makes up a molar percentage of the cations present in the material in the range from about 20 percent to about 50 percent.
10. The article of claim 1 , wherein the primary oxide further comprises praseodymium, terbium, or hafnium cation.
11. The article of claim 10 , wherein a ratio of primary oxide cation molar fraction to secondary oxide cation molar fraction is about 1.
12. The article of claim 11 , wherein the material has a composition described by the chemical formula S 2 Z 2-x Z′ x O 7+/−y , where S denotes all cations of the secondary oxide, Z and Z′ respectively denote a cation of the primary oxide, y is a number less than 1, and x is a number in the range from about 0.01 to about 1.99.
13. The article of claim 1 , wherein the coating is disposed on a substrate, and the substrate comprises a material that is transparent to the electromagnetic radiation.
14. The article of claim 1 , wherein the article is a photovoltaic device.
15. The article of claim 1 , wherein the article is a window.
16. The article of claim 1 , wherein the article is a sensor.
17. The article of claim 1 , wherein the material is transparent to visible light.
18. The article of claim 1 , wherein substantially all of the material within the article has an overall porosity of lower than about 1 percent by volume.