Synthetic mimetics of host defense and uses thereof

1. A compound of Formula I

wherein:

each A is, independently, —C═O, or —C═S;

each D is, independently, O or S;

each R 1 is, independently, hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, halo, halomethyl, or haloethyl;

each R 2 is, independently, hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, halo, or halomethyl;

each R 3 is, independently, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, halo, or haloalkyl; and

each R 4 is, independently, hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, halo, halomethyl, or haloethyl;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

2. The compound or salt of claim 1 wherein each A is —C═O.

3. The compound or salt of claim 1 wherein each D is O.

4. The compound

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

5. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

6. A formulation comprising a compound of claim 1 , or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the formulation comprises an excipient chosen from purified water, propylene glycol, PEG 400, glycerin, DMA, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, citric acid/sodium citrate (pH3), citric acid/sodium citrate (pH5), tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane HCl (pH7.0), 0.9% saline, and 1.2% saline, or any combination thereof.

7. A formulation comprising a compound of claim 1 , or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the formulation comprises an excipient chosen from 20% w/v propylene glycol in saline, 30% w/v propylene glycol in saline, 40% w/v propylene glycol in saline, 50% w/v propylene glycol in saline, 15% w/v propylene glycol in purified water, 30% w/v propylene glycol in purified water, 50% w/v propylene glycol in purified water, 30% w/v propylene glycol and 5 w/v ethanol in purified water, 15% w/v glycerin in purified water, 30% w/v glycerin in purified water, 50% w/v glycerin in purified water, 20% w/v Kleptose in purified water, 40% w/v Kleptose in purified water, and 25% w/v Captisol in purified water.

8. A formulation comprising

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in 20% w/v Kleptose in purified water.

9. A method of preparing the compound of claim 4 comprising:

a) reacting (R)-(−)-N-Boc-3-pyrrolidinol with a strong base to form a mixture; further reacting the mixture with 2-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dinitrobenzene to form a compound having Formula II

b) reacting the compound of Formula II with an alcohol and a transition metal catalyst in the presence of hydrogen to form a compound of Formula III

c) adding the compound of Formula III and pyrimidine-4,6-dicarboxylic acid to a mixture of 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine and N-methylmorpholine to form a compound of Formula IV

d) reacting the compound of Formula IV with N-Boc- guanidine butyric acid to form a compound of Formula V

e) deprotecting the compound of Formula V to produce the compound of claim 4 .

10. A method of preparing the compound of claim 4 comprising:

a) deprotonating (R)-3-Hydroxypyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid tent-butyl ester, and reacting the resultant compound with 2-chloro-1,3-dinitro-5-trifluoromethylbenzene to form (R)-3-(2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester;

b) reducing (R)-3-(2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester in the presence of an alcohol, a transition metal catalyst, and hydrogen to form (R)-3-(2,6-diamino-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester;

c) coupling (R)-3-(2,6-diamino-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester with pyrimidine-4,6-dicarboxylic acid in the presence of 1-[(3-(dimethylamino)-propyl)]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride to form pyrimidine-4,6-dicarboxylic acid bis-{[3-amino-2-((R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl]amide};

d) reacting pyrimidine-4,6-dicarboxylic acid bis-{[3-amino-2-((R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl]amide} with ({[tert- butoxycarbonyl)amino][(tert-butoxycarbonyl)imino]methyl}amino)pentanoic acid in the presence of phosphorous oxychloride to form pyrimidine-4,6-dicarboxylic acid bis-{[3-(5-({[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino][(tert-butoxycarbonyl)imino]methyl}amino)-pentanoylamino)-2-((R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl]-amide};

e) deprotecting pyrimidine-4,6-dicarboxylic acid bis-{[3-(5-({[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino][(tert-butoxycarbonyl)imino]methyl}amino)-pentanoylamino)-2-((R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl]-amide} to form crude pyrimidine-4,6-dicarboxylic acid bis-{[3-(5-guanidino-pentanoylamino)-2-((R)-pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl]-amide}tetrahydrochloride; and

f) purifying crude pyrimidine-4,6-dicarboxylic acid bis-{[3-(5-guanidino-pentanoylamino)-2-((R)-pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl]-amide}tetrahydrochloride by reverse-phase chromatography.

11. A method of preparing the compound of claim 4 comprising:

a) deprotonating (R)-3-Hydroxypyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester and further reacting the resultant compound with 2-chloro-1,3-dinitro-5-trifluoromethylbenzene to form (R)-3-(2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester;

b) reducing (R)-3-(2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester in the presence of an alcohol, a transition metal catalyst, and hydrogen, to form (R)-3-(2,6-diamino-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester;

c) coupling (R)-3-(2,6-diamino-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester with pyrimidine-4,6-dicarboxylic acid in the presence of 1-[(3-(dimethylamino)-propyl)]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride to form pyrimidine-4,6-dicarboxylic acid bis-{[3-amino-2-((R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl]amide};

d) reacting pyrimidine-4,6-dicarboxylic acid bis-{[3-amino-2-((R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl]amide} with N-Cbz acid in the presence of thionyl chloride;

e) reducing the resultant compound of d) in the presence of an alcohol, a transition metal catalyst, and hydrogen;

f) reacting the resultant compound of e) with di-Boc pyrazole;

g) deprotecting the resultant compound of f) to produce the compound of claim 4 .

12. A method of preparing a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 4 comprising:

a) reacting (R)-(−)-N-Boc-3-pyrrolidinol with a strong base to form a mixture; further reacting the mixture with 2-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dinitrobenzene to form a compound having Formula II

b) reacting the compound of Formula II with an alcohol and a transition metal catalyst in the presence of hydrogen to form a compound of Formula III

c1) adding the compound of Formula III and pyrimidine-4,6-dicarboxylic acid to a mixture of 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine and N-methylmorpholine to form a compound of Formula IV

c2) adding the compound of Formula III and pyrimidine-4,6-dicarboxylic acid to a mixture of 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC1) and anhydrous pyridine to form a compound of Formula IV

d) adding the compound of Formula IV with an N-Cbz acid to a solution comprising anhydrous pyridine, dimethylaminopropylamine, and any one of thionyl chloride, POCl 3 , (EtO) 2 POCl, or oxalyl chloride to form a compound of Formula Va

e) hydrogenlysis of the Cbz group of the compound of Formula Va to produce the compound of formula VI

f) protecting the compound of Formula VI to produce the compound of formula VII

g) deprotecting the compound of Formula VII to produce a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 4 .