Electrochemical apparatus having a forced flow arrangement
The present invention provides an electrochemical apparatus for processing a fluid comprising: an electrode; a solid electrolyte; and means for providing forced flow through the apparatus of a fluid to be processed, wherein the apparatus is arranged such that when the fluid to be processed is introduced into the apparatus there exists at least one three phase interface between the electrode, the solid electrolyte and the fluid to be processed and such that the fluid forming part of the three phase interface undergoes forced flow through the apparatus, and methods in which the electrochemical apparatus is used.
1. An electrochemical apparatus for processing a fluid, the apparatus comprising:
(i) an anode comprising electrically conducting diamond and at least one elongate aperture having a central region and first and second end regions;
(ii) a proton exchange membrane; and
(iii) a cover plate;
wherein the cover plate partially covers the anode such that the central portion of the at least one elongate aperture is covered and the first and second end regions of the at least one elongate aperture are uncovered, thereby forming at least one aperture inlet and at least one aperture outlet, and
wherein the apparatus is arranged such that when a fluid to be processed is introduced into the apparatus via the at least one aperture inlet there exists at least one three phase interface between the anode, the proton exchange membrane and the fluid to be processed and such that the fluid forming part of the three phase interface undergoes forced flow through the apparatus.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one three phase interface is elongate.
3. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the apparatus is arranged such that the fluid forming part of the three phase interface undergoes forced flow along a majority of the elongate interface.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising at least one inlet manifold covering the at least one aperture inlet and at least one outlet manifold covering the at least one aperture outlet.
5. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising a counter reaction fluid and wherein the apparatus is arranged such that the counter reaction fluid is isolated from the fluid to be processed.
6. The apparatus according to claim 5 , further comprising means for providing forced flow of the counter reaction fluid through the apparatus.
7. The apparatus according to claim 5 , wherein the counter reaction fluid flows in a direction which is substantially aligned with the direction of flow of the fluid to be processed.
8. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein a cathode is present immediately adjacent to the solid electrolyte.
9. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the fluid to be processed is a liquid.
10. The apparatus according to claim 9 wherein the liquid is aqueous.
11. The apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the liquid is water.
12. A method of production of ozone by the electrolysis of water using the apparatus according to claim 11 .
13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the ozone treats the water to be processed in order to provide water for human consumption.