Synthetically functionalized living cells
Uniform, functional polymer patches can be attached to a fraction of the surface area of living individual cells. These surface-modified cells remain viable after attachment of the functional patch. The patch does not completely occlude the cellular surface from the surrounding environment. Functional payloads carried by the patch may include, for example, drugs or other small molecules, peptides, proteins, thermally responsive polymers, and nanoparticles, or any other material that can be incorporated in a polymer patch of subcellular dimensions. The patch can include one or more polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs).
1. A polymer structure arranged on a substrate, comprising:
a substrate-adhering layer;
a labile layer configured to selectively dissociate under predetermined conditions arranged over the substrate-adhering layer; and
a cytophilic layer arranged over the labile layer, the cytophilic layer having a specific affinity for a surface of a predetermined cell type;
wherein the cytophilic layer has a surface area smaller than a cell of the predetermined cell type.
2. The structure of claim 1 , further comprising a diffusion barrier layer arranged intermediate to the labile layer and the cytophilic layer.
3. The structure of claim 1 , further comprising a functional layer arranged intermediate to the labile layer and the cytophilic layer.
4. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the substrate-adhering layer includes a polyelectrolyte multilayer.
5. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the labile layer includes a hydrogen-bonded polymer multilayer.
6. The structure of claim 5 , wherein the cytophilic layer includes a polyelectrolyte multilayer.
7. A polymer structure arranged on a substrate, comprising:
a substrate-adhering layer including a polyelectrolyte multilayer;
a labile layer including a hydrogen-bonded polymer multilayer arranged over the substrate-adhering layer; and
a cytophilic layer including a polyelectrolyte multilayer arranged over the labile layer, the cytophilic layer having a specific affinity for a surface of a predetermined cell type;
wherein the cytophilic layer has a surface area smaller than a cell of the predetermined cell type.
8. The structure of claim 7 , further comprising a diffusion barrier layer including a polyelectrolyte multilayer arranged intermediate to the labile layer and the cytophilic layer.
9. The structure of claim 7 , further comprising a functional layer including a polyelectrolyte multilayer arranged intermediate to the labile layer and the cytophilic layer.
10. The structure of claim 7 , wherein the cytophilic layer includes a ligand for a cell surface receptor of the predetermined cell type.
11. The structure of claim 7 , wherein the labile layer is configured to dissolve under conditions conducive to binding of the cell to the cytophilic layer.
12. The structure of claim 7 , wherein the structure is a member of a population of substantially identical polymer structures arranged on the substrate.
13. The structure of claim 7 , wherein the structure has lateral dimensions in the range of 1 μm to 250 μm and a thickness in the range of 50 nm to 1 μm.
14. The structure of claim 7 , wherein the structure has lateral dimensions in the range of 1 μm to 100 μm.
15. The structure of claim 7 , wherein the structure has lateral dimensions in the range of 1 μm to 50 μm.
16. A method of making a composition, comprising:
forming a polymer structure arranged on a substrate, the polymer structure including:
a substrate-adhering layer including a polyelectrolyte multilayer;
a labile layer including a hydrogen-bonded polymer multilayer arranged over the substrate-adhering layer; and
a cytophilic layer including a polyelectrolyte multilayer arranged over the labile layer, the cytophilic layer having a specific affinity for a surface of a predetermined cell type;
wherein the cytophilic layer has a surface area smaller than a cell of the predetermined cell type; and
contacting the polymer structure with a cell of the predetermined cell type, thereby forming a cell-patch-substrate association; and
causing the labile layer to release a cell-patch association from the substrate.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein contacting the polymer structure with a cell of the predetermined cell type occurs under conditions in which the labile layer is substantially soluble.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the polymer structure further includes a diffusion barrier layer including a polyelectrolyte multilayer arranged intermediate to the labile layer and the cytophilic layer.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the polymer structure further includes a functional layer including a polyelectrolyte multilayer arranged intermediate to the labile layer and the cytophilic layer.
20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the cytophilic layer includes a ligand for a cell surface receptor of the predetermined cell type.
21. The method of claim 16 , wherein the structure is a member of a population of substantially identical polymer structures arranged on the substrate.
22. The method of claim 16 , wherein causing the labile layer to release a cell-patch association from the substrate includes dissociating the labile layer.
23. The method of claim 16 , wherein causing the labile layer to release a cell-patch association from the substrate includes exposing the patch to a solution with a predetermined pH capable of dissociating the labile layer.
24. The method of claim 16 , wherein causing the labile layer to release a cell-patch association from the substrate includes exposing the patch to a solution with a predetermined temperature capable of dissociating the labile layer.
25. The method of claim 16 , wherein contacting the polymer structure with a cell of the predetermined cell type occurs before causing the labile layer to release a cell-patch association from the substrate.
26. The method of claim 16 , wherein contacting the polymer structure with a cell of the predetermined cell type occurs simultaneously with causing the labile layer to release a cell-patch association from the substrate.
27. The method of claim 16 , wherein contacting the polymer structure with a cell of the predetermined cell type occurs after causing the labile layer to release a cell-patch association from the substrate.