Mediators of hedgehog signaling pathways, compositions and uses related thereto
The present invention makes available methods and reagents for inhibiting aberrant growth states resulting from hedgehog gain-of-function, ptc loss-of-function or smoothened gain-of-function comprising contacting the cell with a hedgehog antagonist, such as a small molecule, in a sufficient amount to aberrant growth, e.g., to agonize a normal ptc pathway or antagonize smoothened or hedgehog activity.
1. A method for inhibiting activation of a hedgehog pathway in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a hedgehog antagonist in a sufficient amount to inhibit hedgehog signaling, wherein the hedgehog antagonist is an organic molecule represented in the formula (II):
wherein, as valence and stability permit,
X represents —N(R 8 )—;
Z represents —NH— or a direct bond;
Y represents —C(═O)—, —C(═S)— or SO 2 ;
A represents O, or —NH—;
G represents a phenyl or pyridyl ring fused to the ring to which it is attached;
R 1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring, cyclopentyl ring, cyclohexyl ring or heterocyclyl ring selected from substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, thianthrene, furan, pyran, isobenzofuran, chromene, xanthene, phenoxathiin, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, isothiazole, isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, isoindole, indole, indazole, purine, quinolizine, isoquinoline, quinoline, benzodioxane, benzodioxole, phthalazine, naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine, carbazole, carboline, phenanthridine, acridine, pyrimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, phenarsazine, phenothiazine, furazan, phenoxazine, pyrrolidine, oxolane, thiolane, oxazole, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, lactone, lactam, azetidinone, pyrrolidinone, sultam or sultone rings;
R 2 represents from 0-4 substituents on the ring to which it is attached, where the substituents are selected from halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbonyl group, thiocarbonyl, ketone, aldehyde, amino, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfonyl, sulfoxido, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, phosphoryl, phosphonate, phosphinate, J-R 8 , J-OH, J-lower alkyl, J-lower alkenyl, J-R 8 , J-SH, J-NH 2 , protected forms of the above, or any two R 2 , when occurring more than once in a cyclic or polycyclic structure, taken together form a 4- to 8-membered cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;
R 3 represents a substituent on the ring to which it is attached, the substituent being at a position on the ring which is para to where the X group is attached or para to where the bicyclic ring containing the A group is attached, and the substituent being selected from halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, cyano, nitro, substituted or unsubsituted lower alkyl, and acyl,
R 8 , independently for each occurrence, represents H, lower alkyl or cycloalkyl; and
J represents, independently for each occurrence, a chain having from 0-8 units selected from CK 2 , NK, O, and S, wherein K represents, independently for each occurrence, H or lower alkyl;
provided that, when J is CK 2 , R 1 is not a cyclohexyl ring; and
provided that, when R 8 is H, Z is a direct bond and Y is —C(═O)—, R 1 is not a disubstituted pyridine ring;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein X—Y—Z includes an amide, urea, or sulfonamide.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 1 is optionally substituted with from 1-5 substituents.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the substituents on R 1 are selected from nitro, halogen, cyano, lower alkyl, acylamino, alkoxy, alkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl fused to the aryl or heteroaryl ring.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 2 represents from 1-4 substituents as defined.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein R 2 represents from 1-4 substituents selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, alkoxy, amino, acylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl fused to G, and substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cell has a phenotype of ptc loss-of-function, hedgehog gain-of-function, or smoothened gain-of-function.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hedgehog antagonist inhibits ptc loss-of-function, hedgehog gain-of-function, or smoothened gain-of-function mediated signal transduction with an ED 50 of 1 μM or less.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hedgehog antagonist inhibits ptc loss-of-function, hedgehog gain-of-function, or smoothened gain-of-function mediated signal transduction with an ED 50 of 1 nM or less.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cell is contacted with the hedgehog antagonist in vitro.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cell is contacted with the hedgehog antagonist in vivo.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inhibition of hedgehog signaling is effected in a patient to whom the hedgehog antagonist is administered and the inhibition has an effect on the patient selected from regulation of neural tissues, bone and cartilage formation and repair, regulation of spermatogenesis, regulation of smooth muscle, regulation of lung, liver and other organs arising from the primitive gut, regulation of hematopoietic function, and regulation of skin and hair growth.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inhibition of hedgehog signaling is effected in a patient to whom the hedgehog antagonist is administered and the inhibition provides a therapeutic or cosmetic effect on the patient.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inhibition of hedgehog signaling is effected in a patient to whom the hedgehog antagonist is administered and the inhibition is effective to treat basal cell carcinoma.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hedgehog antagonist is a compound selected from the following:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the hedgehog antagonist is a compound selected from the following:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the hedgehog antagonist is a compound selected from the following:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the hedgehog antagonist is a compound selected from the following:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein, in the compound of formula (II), R 1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring, cyclopentyl ring, cyclohexyl ring, thiophene ring, furan ring, isobenzofuran ring, pyridine ring, benzodioxane ring, or benzodioxole ring.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein, in the compound of formula (II), R 1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring or pyridine ring.