Use of herpes vectors for tumor therapy
Eliciting a systemic antitumor immune response, in a patient who presents with or who is at risk of developing multiple metastatic tumors of a given cell type, entails, in one embodiment, inoculating a tumor in the patient with a pharmaceutical composition consisting essentially of (A) a herpes simplex virus (HSV) that infects tumor cells but that does not spread in normal cells and (B) a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle for the virus, such that an immune response is induced that is specific for the tumor cell type and that kills cells of the inoculated tumor and of a non-inoculated tumor. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition also comprises a defective HSV vector which contains an expressible nucleotide sequence encoding at least one immune modulator. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition contains a second HSV that infects tumor cells but that does not spread in normal cells. According to the latter approach, both the first HSV and the second HSV may have genomes that comprise, respectively, an expressible nucleotide sequence coding for at least one immune modulator. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises, in addition to a herpes simplex virus (HSV) that infects tumor cells but that does not spread in normal cells, a viral vector comprising at least one expressible nucleotide sequence coding for at least one immune modulator.
1. A method of treating a patient suffering from multiple metastatic tumors of a given cell type, the method comprising inoculating a tumor in the patient with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a herpes simplex virus, wherein:
(A) the herpes simplex virus replicates in dividing cells but does not spread in normal cells and
(B) the herpes simplex virus has a genome comprising (i) at least one expressible nucleotide sequence encoding at least one immune modulator selected from the group consisting of IL-12 and GM-CSF, and (ii) a mutation in the γ34.5 gene,
such that a systemic antitumor immune response is elicited against the multiple metastatic tumors.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle for the virus.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein both copies of the γ34.5 gene are mutated.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the herpes simplex virus further comprises at least one further gene mutation.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the one further gene mutation is in ribonucleotide reductase.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the herpes simplex virus is G207 comprising at least one expressible nucleotide sequence encoding at least one immune modulator selected from the group consisting of IL-12 and GM-CSF.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the immune modulator is IL-12.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the immune modulator is GM-CSF.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tumor cells are of a type selected from the group consisting of astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, neurofibroma, glioblastoma, ependymoma, Schwannoma, neurofibrosarcoma, and medulloblastoma.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of melanoma cells, pancreatic cancer cells, prostate carcinoma cells, head and neck cancer cells, breast cancer cells, lung cancer cells, colon cancer cells, lymphoma cells, ovarian cancer cells, renal cancer cells, neuroblastomas, squamous cell carcinomas, medulloblastomas, hepatoma cells and mesothelioma and epidermoid carcinoma cells.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the immune modulator is under the control of a transcriptional regulatory element.