Two stage nanofiltration seawater desalination system
The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for desalinating seawater utilizing a two stage seawater desalination system, a first stage including at least one high performance nanofiltration membrane to receive seawater feed pressurized by a first stage pump sufficiently and to produce a first permeate, and a second stage including at least one high performance nanofiltration membrane to receive the first permeate pressurized by a second stage pump to between about 200 psi and about 300 psi to produce potable water.
1. A system for desalinating seawater, comprising:
a pump configured for delivering filtered seawater having a total dissolved solids content of not less than 35,000 mg/l feed at a pressure of not more than 600 psi from a supply of seawater to a first desalination stage;
the first desalination stage consisting of one or more nanofiltration membranes arranged in series, said first desalination stage producing a first permeate and a first retentate, where the first permeate has a total dissolved solids content of no more than twelve percent compared with a total dissolved solids content of seawater immediately prior to entering said first stage desalination operation;
a fluid channel linking said first desalination stage to a second desalination stage and communicating said first permeate from said first desalination stage to said second desalination stage without further reduction in the total dissolved solids content of said first permeate; and
the second desalination stage configured to receive said first permeate consisting of one or more nanofiltration membranes arranged in series, said second desalination stage producing a second permeate and a second retentate, where the second permeate has a total dissolved solids content of no more than 500 mg/l.
2. The system for desalinating seawater of claim 1 where the first and second stage desalination stages utilize no more than five nanofiltration membranes for each stage.
3. The system for desalinating seawater of claim 1 further comprising recirculating means configured to deliver at least a portion of the second retentate to said filtered seawater entering said first desalination stage.
4. The system for desalinating seawater of claim 1 further comprising energy recovery means for recovering energy by depressurizing the first retentate.
5. The system for desalinating seawater of claim 1 further comprising energy recovery means for recovering energy by depressurizing the second retentate.
6. The system for desalinating seawater of claim 1 wherein a highest pressure realized in the system is no greater than five hundred psi.
7. The system for desalinating seawater of claim 1 wherein said fluid channel includes an intermediate pump for pressurizing the first permeate prior to being received by said second desalination stage.
8. The system for desalinating seawater of claim 7 wherein said intermediate pump pressurizes the first permeate to between two hundred psi and three hundred psi.
9. The system for desalinating seawater of claim 1 wherein the nanofiltration membranes are high performance nanofiltration membranes that reject over 99% of divalent ions and up to 90% of monovalent ions.
10. The system for desalinating seawater of claim 1 wherein each desalination stage comprises a plurality of high performance nanofiltration membranes linked in series.
11. The system for desalinating seawater of claim 1 further comprising an anti-scalant feed system coupled with the pump to enable anti-scaling solution to be delivered to the nanofiltration membranes.