Distinguishing between closed and open airway apneas and treating patients accordingly
Methods and apparatus for determining the occurrence of an apnea, patency and/or partial obstruction of the airway are disclosed. Respiratory air flow from a patient is measured to give an air flow signal. The determination of an apnea is performed by calculating the variance of the air flow signal over a moving time window and comparing the variance with a threshold value. One determination of partial obstruction of the airway is performed by detecting the inspiratory part of the air flow signal, scaling it to unity duration and area and calculating an index value of the amplitude of the scaled signal over a mid-portion. Alternatively, the index value is a measure of the flatness of the air flow signal over the mid-portion. One determination of patency of the airway is performed by applying an oscillatory pressure waveform of known frequency to a patient's airway, calculating the magnitude of the component of said air flow signal at the known frequency induced by the oscillatory pressure waveform and comparing the calculated magnitude with a threshold value. Alternatively, the air flow signal is analysed to detect the presence of a component due to cardiogenic activity.
1. Continuous positive airway pressure apparatus for treatment of respiratory conditions of a patient comprising:
means for determining a signal representative of patient respiratory flow;
a motor driven blower; and
a controller for detecting (i) flow limitations, (ii) apneas and (iii) hypopneas by operating on said signal indicative of patient respiratory flow; and for controlling the motor driven blower to increase automatically a treatment pressure upon detection of any of a flow limitation, apnea and hypopnea, wherein the detection of hypopnea is based on a calculated variance of said respiratory flow, and otherwise to automatically decrease the treatment pressure.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller detects an hypopnea by operating on the signal indicative of patient respiratory flow to recognize a reduction in ventilation below an hypopnea threshold.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller further determines patency of the patient's airway.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the controller controls the motor driven blower to increase automatically a treatment pressure upon determining that the airway is not patent, while leaving the treatment pressure unchanged or reduced upon determining that the airway is patent.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller further determines patency of the patient's airway by detecting the presence of cardiogenic components in the signal indicative of patient respiratory flow.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the means for determining a signal representative of patient respiratory flow is at least one of a flow resistive element and differential pressure transducer, an ultrasonic flow transducer, and a pressure transducer.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the means for determining a signal representative of patient respiratory flow is a means for determining measurements of chest wall and/or abdominal movement.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller further determines patency of the patient's airway by causing the motor driven blower to apply an oscillatory pressure waveform of known frequency to the patient's airway, and operating on the signal indicative of patient respiratory flow to recognize a component at said known frequency induced by said oscillatory pressure waveform.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the means for determining a signal representative of patient respiratory flow is at least one of a flow resistive element and differential pressure transducer, an ultrasonic flow transducer, and a pressure transducer.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the means for determining a signal representative of patient respiratory flow is a means for determining measurements of chest wall and/or abdominal movement.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the means for determining a signal representative of patient respiratory flow is at least one of a flow resistive element and differential pressure transducer, an ultrasonic flow transducer, and a pressure transducer.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the means for determining a signal representative of patient respiratory flow is a means for determining measurements of chest wall and/or abdominal movement.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the variance is a moving average of a period of time.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller further compares the average variance with a predetermined threshold level.