90-degree hybrid
The present invention provides a 90-degree hybrid capable of miniaturization and also capable of a stable operation in a wide band. According to an embodiment of the present invention, a PLC-type 90-degree hybrid comprises: a PLC chip having a planar lightwave circuit formed therein; and a 90-degree hybrid circuit formed in the planar lightwave circuit, mixing a modulated signal light and an LO light to separate the signal light into quadrature components I and Q, and outputting the same. The 90-degree hybrid circuit includes: two Y-branch couplers each branching the signal light and the LO light; and two wavelength-independent directional couplers which cause LO lights passing through two paths and signal lights passing through two paths to interfere with each other, respectively. The above-described paths include waveguides having mutually inverted shapes and waveguides having an identical shape, and have a shape substantially symmetrical with respect to the signal light.
1. A 90-degree hybrid, comprising:
a planar lightwave circuit (PLC) chip having a planar lightwave circuit; and
a 90-degree hybrid circuit formed within the planar lightwave circuit and mixing a modulated signal light and a local oscillation light to output,
the 90-degree hybrid circuit including:
a first Y-branch coupler branching the signal light;
a second Y-branch coupler branching the local oscillation light;
a first coupler causing interference between one of two signal lights branched by the first Y-branch coupler and one of two local oscillation lights branched by the second Y-branch coupler;
a second coupler causing interference between the other one of two signal lights branched by the first Y-branch coupler and the other one of two local oscillation lights branched by the second Y-branch coupler;
a first path for connecting the first Y-branch coupler and the first coupler and for causing one of the two branched signal lights to propagate therethrough, the first path having at least one bend waveguide and at least one straight waveguide;
a second path for connecting the first Y-branch coupler and the second coupler and for causing the other one of the two branched signal lights to propagate therethrough, the second path having the same number of bend waveguides as the first path and the same number of straight waveguides as the first path;
a third path for connecting the second Y-branch coupler and the first coupler and for causing one of the two branched local oscillation lights to propagate therethrough; and
a fourth path for connecting the second Y-branch coupler and the second coupler and for causing the other one of the two branched local oscillation lights to propagate therethrough, wherein
the first path and the second path are configured so as to have the same optical path length,
the third path and the fourth path are configured so that an optical path difference between one of the two branched local oscillation lights and the other one of the two branched local oscillation lights becomes 90 degrees in terms of phase,
at least one of the bend waveguides of the first path and the bend waveguide of the second path are in a one-to-one correspondence relationship, respectively, and at least one straight waveguide of the first path and the straight waveguide of the second path are in a one-to-one correspondence relationship, respectively,
the bend waveguide of the second path has the same shape as or an inverted shape of the bend waveguide of the first path, the both waveguides being in a one-to-one correspondence relationship,
the straight waveguide of the second path has the same shape as the straight waveguide of the first path, the both waveguides being in a one-to-one correspondence relationship,
the second path and the third path intersect with each other, and
an intersection angle α at which the second path and the third path intersect with each other is set to a range from 60° to 90°.
2. The 90-degree hybrid according to claim 1 , further comprising two input ports connected to the first and second Y-branch couplers, respectively, wherein
the third path and the fourth path have at least one bend waveguide,
bend radii of the bent waveguides of the first to fourth paths are the same, and
a pitch Pi between the two input ports is uniquely determined by a formula Pi=2r(1−cos α)+Py using the intersection angle α, the bend radius r, and a value of a pitch Py between output waveguides of the first and second Y-branch couplers.
3. The 90-degree hybrid according to claim 1 , wherein
the first coupler and the second coupler are wavelength-independent directional couplers.
4. The 90-degree hybrid according to claim 1 , wherein
the signal light is a Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) signal, and
as the 90-degree hybrid circuit, there are provided: a first 90-Degree hybrid circuit which mixes an X-polarization QPSK signal with the local oscillation light to separate the QPSK signal into a component corresponding to a real part of an electric field of the QPSK signal and a component corresponding to an imaginary part thereof to output; and a second 90-degree hybrid circuit which mixes a Y-polarization QPSK signal and the local oscillation light to separate the QPSK signal into a component corresponding to a real part of an electric field of the QPSK signal and a component corresponding to an imaginary part thereof to output.
5. The 90-degree hybrid according to claim 4 , further comprising:
a signaling waveguide for causing a signal light incident upon the 90-degree hybrid to propagate to the first Y-branch coupler; and
a local-oscillation light waveguide for causing a local oscillation light incident upon the 90-degree hybrid to propagate to the second branch coupler, wherein
the signaling waveguide and the local-oscillation light waveguide intersect with each other, and
the first Y-branch coupler and the second Y-branch coupler of the first 90-degree hybrid circuit as well as the first Y-branch coupler and the second Y-branch coupler of the second 90-degree hybrid circuit are arranged in the same order in a predetermined direction.
6. The 90-degree hybrid according to claim 5 , wherein
in order to cancel out a time delay between the X-polarization QPSK signal and the Y-polarization QPSK signal, a waveguide length of each waveguide through which each of the X-polarization QPSK signal and the Y-polarization QPSK signal propagates and a waveguide length of each waveguide through which the local oscillation light propagates are identical, respectively.
7. The 90-degree hybrid according to claim 1 , wherein
at least one path of the first to fourth paths includes a first bend waveguide with a rotation angle +θ 1 , a first straight waveguide with a length l 1 , a second bend waveguide with a rotation angle −θ 1 , a second straight waveguide with a length h, a third bend waveguide with a rotation angle −θ 2 , a third straight waveguide with a length 1 2 , and a fourth bend waveguide with a rotation angle +θ 2 .
8. The 90-degree hybrid according to claim 1 , wherein
among the first to fourth paths, a phase trimming heater is disposed in at least one of the third path and the fourth path.
9. The 90-degree hybrid according to claim 8 , wherein
in at least one of the first to fourth paths, a straight waveguide with a predetermined length is provided in a part in a section in which the heater is disposed.
10. A 90-degree hybrid comprising:
a planar lightwave circuit (PLC) chip having a planar lightwave circuit; and
a 90-degree hybrid circuit formed within the planar lightwave circuit and mixing a modulated signal light and a local oscillation light to output,
the 90-degree hybrid circuit including:
a first Y-branch coupler branching the signal light;
a second Y-branch coupler branching the local oscillation light;
a first coupler causing interference between one of two signal lights branched by the first Y-branch coupler and one of two local oscillation lights branched by the second Y-branch coupler;
a second coupler causing interference between the other one of two signal lights branched by the first Y-branch coupler and the other one of two local oscillation lights branched by the second Y-branch coupler;
a first path for connecting the first Y-branch coupler and the first coupler and for causing one of the two branched signal lights to propagate therethrough, the first path having at least one bend waveguide and at least one straight waveguide;
a second coupler path for connecting the first Y-branch coupler and the second coupler and for causing the other one of the two branched signal lights to propagate therethrough, the second path having the same number of bend waveguides as the first path and the same number of straight waveguides as the first path;
a third path for connecting the second Y-branch coupler and the first coupler and for causing one of the two branched local oscillation lights to propagate therethrough and
a fourth path for connecting the second Y-branch coupler and the second coupler and for causing the other one of the two branched local oscillation lights to propagate therethrough, wherein
the first path and the second path are configured so as to have the same optical path length,
the third path and the fourth path are configured so that an optical path difference between one of the two branched local oscillation lights and the other one of the two branched local oscillation lights becomes 90 degrees in terms of phase,
at least one of the bend waveguides of the first path and the bend waveguides of the second path are in a one-to-one correspondence relationship, respectively, and at least one straight waveguide of the first path and the straight waveguide of the second path are in a one-to-one correspondence relationship, respectively,
the bend waveguide of the second path has the same shape as or an inverted shape of the bend waveguide of the first path, the both waveguides being in a one-to-one correspondence relationship,
the straight waveguide of the second path has the same shape as the straight waveguide of the first path, the both waveguides being in a one-to-one correspondence relationship, and
among the first to fourth paths, a phase trimming heater is disposed in at least one of the third path and the fourth path.
11. The 90-degree hybrid according to claim 10 , wherein
in at least one of the first to fourth paths, a straight waveguide with a predetermined length is provided in a part in a section in which the heater is disposed.
12. The 90-degree hybrid according to claim 10 , wherein
the first coupler and the second coupler are wavelength independent directional couplers.
13. The 90-degree hybrid according to claim 10 , wherein
the signal light is a Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) signal, and
as the 90-degree hybrid circuit, there are provided: a first 90-degree hybrid circuit which mixes an X-polarization QPSK signal with the local oscillation light to separate the QPSK signal into a component corresponding to a real part of an electric field of the QPSK signal and a component corresponding to an imaginary part thereof to output; and a second 90-degree hybrid circuit which mixes a Y-polarization QPSK signal and the local oscillation light to separate the QPSK signal into a component corresponding to a real part of an electric field of the QPSK signal and a component corresponding to an imaginary part thereof to output.
14. The 90-degree hybrid according to claim 13 , further comprising:
a signaling waveguide for causing a signal light incident upon the 90-degree hybrid to propagate to the first Y-branch coupler; and
a local-oscillation light waveguide for causing a local oscillation light incident upon the 90-degree hybrid to propagate to the second branch coupler, wherein
the signaling waveguide and the local-oscillation light waveguide intersect with each other, and
the first Y-branch coupler and the second Y-branch coupler of the first 90-degree hybrid circuit as well as the first Y-branch coupler and the second Y-branch coupler of the second 90-degree hybrid circuit are arranged in the same order in a predetermined direction.
15. The 90-degree hybrid according to claim 14 , wherein
in order to cancel out a time delay between the X-polarization QPSK signal and the Y-polarization QPSK signal, a waveguide length of each waveguide through which each of the X-polarization QPSK signal and the Y-polarization QPSK signal propagates and a waveguide length of each waveguide through which the local oscillation light propagates are identical, respectively.
16. The 90-degree hybrid according to claim 10 , wherein
at least one path of the first to fourth paths includes a first bend waveguide with a rotation angle +θ 1 , a first straight waveguide with a length l 1 , a second bend waveguide with a rotation angle −θ 1 , a second straight waveguide with a length h, a third bend waveguide with a rotation angle −θ 2 , a third straight waveguide with a length l 2 , and a fourth bend waveguide with a rotation angle +θ 2 .