Fibrous materials and composites
Fibrous materials, compositions that include fibrous materials, and uses of the fibrous materials and compositions are disclosed. For example, the fibrous materials can be operated on by a microorganism to produce ethanol or a by-product, such as a protein or lignin.
1. A method for making a fuel, the method comprising:
mechanically treating a fiber source to provide a first fibrous material;
passing the first fibrous material through a first screen having an average opening size of about 1.59 mm or less to provide a second fibrous material;
combining the second fibrous material with an enzyme;
hydrolyzing the second fibrous material to provide a hydrolyzed material; and
combining the second fibrous material or the hydrolyzed material with a microorganism to produce a fuel selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alcohols, organic acids, hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydrolyzed material comprises one or more low molecular weight sugars.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein producing a fuel comprises fermenting the one or more low molecular weight sugars.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the microorganism comprises a yeast.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1, 4-butane diol, glycerin, and mixtures thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, Υ-hydroxybutyric acid and mixtures thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane, propane, isobutene, pentane, n-hexane, and mixtures thereof.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising exposing the second fibrous material to a radiation source prior to combining with the enzyme.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fiber source comprises a cellulosic or lignocellulosic material.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the cellulosic or lignocellulosic material is selected from the group consisting of wood, grasses, rice hulls, bagasse, cotton, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal, abaca, straw, corn cobs, coconut hair, and paper.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising sterilizing the second fibrous material prior to combining with the enzyme.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the microorganism comprises a bacterium.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein mechanically treating comprises shearing.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein mechanically treating comprises grinding or milling.
15. The method of claim 1 further comprising encapsulating the second fibrous material in a substantially gas impermeable material; and removing entrapped gas from the encapsulated composition to densify the composition.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the enzyme and/or a microorganism is combined with the second fibrous material prior to encapsulating.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the substantially gas impermeable material is soluble in water.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the substantially gas impermeable material is soluble in water.
19. A method of making a fuel, the method comprising:
mechanically treating a fiber source to provide a first fibrous material;
passing the first fibrous material through a first screen having an average opening size of about 1.59 mm or less to provide a second fibrous material;
encapsulating the second fibrous material in a substantially gas impermeable material and removing entrapped gas from the encapsulated composition to densify the composition;
combining the second fibrous material with an enzyme; and
hydrolyzing the second fibrous material to provide a hydrolyzed material.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein the enzyme and/or a microorganism is combined with the second fibrous material prior to encapsulating.
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the substantially gas impermeable material is soluble in water.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the substantially gas impermeable material is soluble in water.
23. The method of claim 19 , further comprising exposing the second fibrous material to a radiation source prior to combining with the enzyme.
24. The method of claim 19 , wherein the fiber source comprises a cellulosic or lignocellulosic material.
25. The method of claim 19 wherein mechanically treating comprises shearing.
26. The method of claim 19 wherein mechanically treating comprises grinding or milling.