Amphiphilic substances and functionalized lipid vesicles including the same
An amphiphilic substance includes a hydrophobic group, and a polynucleotide group attached to the hydrophobic group. The polynucleotide group includes a first polynucleotide segment and a second polynucleotide segment. The first and second polynucleotide segments are at least partially complementary and are bound together by interactions including base pairing. At least one of the first and second segments includes at least one of an aptamer and a nucleic acid-based enzyme. A lipid vesicle may include the amphiphilic substance, a first polar lipid that is an unstable vesicle former, and a polar liquid. Upon exposure to a rupture agent, the vesicle may rupture, releasing the contents of the vesicle. Substances that may be released from the vesicle include bioactive agents, such as drug agents.
1. An amphiphilic substance, comprising:
a polynucleotide group comprising a first polynucleotide segment and a second polynucleotide segment that is at least partially complementary to the first polynucleotide segment, wherein the first polynucleotide segment comprises an aptamer, and wherein base pairing between the first polynucleotide segment and the second polynucleotide segment occurs in an absence of binding of an effector specific for the aptamer and base pairing between the first polynucleotide segment and the second polynucleotide segment is disrupted in the presence of the effector;
a hydrophobic group attached to only one of the first polynucleotide segment and the second polynucleotide segment; and
a stabilizing group, attached to the first or second polynucleotide segment that is not attached to the hydrophobic group, where the stabilizing group is different from the hydrophobic group and the first and second polynucleotide segments.
2. The amphiphilic substance of claim 1 , where the hydrophobic group comprises a member selected from the group consisting of a wax group, a fatty acyl, a triglyceride, a phosphoglyceride, a sphingolipid group, a prostaglandin group, a terpene group and a steroid group.
3. The amphiphilic substance of claim 1 , further comprising a linking group between the first polynucleotide segment and the second polynucleotide segment.
4. A lipid vesicle, comprising:
a vesicle wall surrounding an internal space, the vesicle wall including a lipid bilayer comprising a first polar lipid that is an unstable vesicle former;
the amphiphilic substance of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic group is at least partially within the lipid bilayer;
at least one bioactive agent within the internal space; and
a polar liquid.
5. The lipid vesicle of claim 4 , where the lipid bilayer further comprises a second polar lipid that is a stable vesicle former.
6. The lipid vesicle of claim 4 , where the first polar lipid comprises a phospholipid.
7. The lipid vesicle of claim 4 , where the first polar lipid comprises DOPE.
8. The amphiphilic substance of claim 1 , where the effector is a metal ion, polynucleotide, protein, or organic compound.
9. The amphiphilic substance of claim 1 , where the effector is adenosine.
10. The lipid vesicle of claim 4 , wherein the disruption of the base pairing between the first polynucleotide segment and the second polynucleotide segment allows the stabilizing group to separate from the vesicle.
11. The lipid vesicle of claim 4 , where the disruption of the base pairing between the between the first polynucleotide segment and the second polynucleotide segment causes the vesicle to rupture.
12. The amphiphilic substance of claim 1 where the stabilizing group is polyethylene glycol, avidin, streptavidin, neutravidin, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), sulfonated polystyrene, polyacrylamide, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl imidazole), poly(ethylene imine), poly(hydroxybutyrate) poly(hydroxyvalerate), a polyester, poly(amidoamine) dendrons and dendrimers (PAMAM), or a combination thereof.
13. The amphiphilic substance of claim 1 , where at least one of the first polynucleotide aptamer segment or the second polynucleotide segment further comprises a nucleic acid-based enzyme.