Energy harvesting device
A piezoelectric energy harvesting device (PEHD) comprising a driving element, conducting element, piezoelectric layer and non-piezoelectric layer capable of converting ambient mechanical energy into electrical energy. The piezoelectric layer may be constructed from PMN-PT or PZT having a thickness of about 1-150 μm. The PEHD may be used to generate about 1 W. The harvested energy may be stored and used to power microelectronic devices and rechargeable battery technologies.
1. A piezoelectric energy harvesting system comprising:
a cantilever, wherein the cantilever comprises
a conducting element,
at least a first piezoelectric layer constructed from a freestanding piezoelectric film and
a non-piezoelectric layer bound to said at least a first piezoelectric layer,
wherein said piezoelectric layer has a thickness of about 1 μm-about 150 μm, and
an electrical connection to a device which stores or uses energy harvested by the piezoelectric energy harvesting system.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein said piezoelectric layer and non-piezoelectric layer have different lengths.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein said piezoelectric layer has a thickness of about 8 μm-about 127 μm.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein said piezoelectric layer is selected from the group consisting of PZT and PMN-PT.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein said first piezoelectric layer has a different length from the non-piezoelectric layer.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of a thickness of the piezoelectric layer to a thickness of the non-piezoelectric layer is from about 0.04 to about 12.5.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the freestanding piezoelectric film is made by a tape casting method.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the freestanding film has a piezoelectric coefficient −d 31 of at least about 2000 pm/V at E=about 10 kV/cm.
9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the dielectric constant of the freestanding film decreases with increasing electric field.
10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the freestanding film has a strain of at least 0.3% measured under an applied electric field of from about 8 kV/cm to about 12 kV/cm.
11. The system of claim 9 , wherein the freestanding film is unpoled and has a strain of at least 3% measured at an applied electric field of about 10 kV/cm.
12. The system of claim 1 , comprising a plurality of cantilevers to form an array, and wherein each said cantilever is electrically connected to a device for storing or using electrical energy.
13. A method harvesting energy harvesting comprising the steps of:
a. exposing a piezoelectric cantilever system comprising
at least one piezoelectric cantilever including a driving element,
at least a first piezoelectric layer having a thickness of about 1 μm-about 150 μm, wherein the first piezoelectric layer is constructed from a freestanding piezoelectric film,
a conductive element, and
a non-piezoelectric layer,
to a mechanical or vibrational force,
b. harvesting electrical energy generated by conversion of said mechanical or vibrational energy into electrical energy, and
c. transporting the harvested electrical energy to a device which is capable of consuming or storing the harvested electrical energy.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the harvested electrical energy is stored in the device.
15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the freestanding film has a piezoelectric coefficient −g 31 of at least about 0.137 V/m/N at an applied electric field of about 10 kV/cm.
16. The system of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of a thickness of the piezoelectric layer to a thickness of the non-piezoelectric layer is from about 0.05 to about 6.25.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein in said exposing step the piezoelectric cantilever is exposed to one of: a force of nature, human motion and machinery.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the piezoelectric cantilever is operated at a resonance frequency of the first piezoelectric layer.