Extruded analyte sensors and methods of using same
The present disclosure provides electrode structures and integrated electrode structures having one or more conductive materials coextruded with one or more dielectric materials. The disclosed electrode structures can be configured for use as analyte sensors. Also provided, are methods of making and using the electrode structures and integrated electrode structures described herein.
1. An electrode structure, comprising:
a first conductive material, a second conductive material, and a dielectric material,
wherein the first conductive material, the second conductive material, and the dielectric material are coextruded to provide an electrode structure having the first conductive material and the second conductive material electrically isolated by the dielectric material,
wherein the electrode structure comprises a lumen, the lumen comprising a first opening, a second opening, and a lumen wall defining an inner surface of the electrode structure,
wherein each of the first conductive material, the second conductive material, and the dielectric material define a portion of the lumen wall, and
wherein the first conductive material, the second conductive material, and the dielectric material extend from the inner surface to an outer surface of the electrode structure.
2. The electrode structure of claim 1 , wherein the electrode structure comprises a hole extending through the dielectric material and at least substantially perpendicular to the lumen.
3. The electrode structure of claim 1 , wherein the electrode structure comprises a rigid material provided in the dielectric material and coextruded with the first conductive material, the second conductive material, and the dielectric material.
4. The electrode structure of claim 3 , wherein the electrode structure comprises a proximal end and a distal end, and wherein the rigid material protrudes from the proximal end of the electrode structure and functions as a lancet.
5. The electrode structure of claim 3 , wherein the rigid material comprises a third conductive material.
6. The electrode structure of claim 5 , wherein the electrode structure comprises a hole extending into the dielectric material and at least substantially perpendicular to the lumen, wherein the hole exposes the third conductive material.
7. The electrode structure of claim 1 , wherein the first conductive material is positioned at least substantially opposite the second conductive material.
8. The electrode structure of claim 1 , wherein the first conductive material comprises a working electrode and the second conductive material comprises a reference/counter electrode, the working electrode comprising an analyte responsive enzyme disposed on, in or proximate thereto.
9. The electrode structure of claim 8 , wherein the first conductive material comprises carbon.
10. The electrode structure of claim 8 , wherein the second conductive material comprises Ag/AgCl.
11. The electrode structure of claim 8 , wherein the analyte-responsive enzyme is a glucose-responsive enzyme.
12. The electrode structure of claim 8 , wherein the analyte-responsive enzyme is a ketone-responsive enzyme.
13. The electrode structure of claim 8 , wherein the working electrode comprises a redox mediator disposed on, in or proximate thereto.
14. The electrode structure of claim 13 , wherein the redox mediator comprises a ruthenium-containing complex or an osmium-containing complex.
15. The electrode structure of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric material extends into the lumen beyond the portion of the lumen wall defined by the first conductive material and the portion of the lumen wall defined by the second conductive material, thereby providing at least two lancet stand-offs.
16. The electrode structure of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric material and the first conductive material each extend into the lumen beyond the portion of the lumen wall defined by the second conductive material, thereby providing at least two lancet stand-offs.
17. The electrode structure of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric material and the second conductive material each extend into the lumen beyond the portion of the lumen wall defined by the first conductive material, thereby providing at least two lancet stand-offs.
18. A method for determining a concentration of an analyte in a fluid sample from a subject, the method comprising:
contacting the fluid sample with a sensor, the sensor comprising:
an extruded electrode structure, the extruded electrode structure comprising:
a first conductive material, a second conductive material, and a dielectric material,
wherein the first conductive material, the second conductive material, and the dielectric material are coextruded to provide an electrode structure having the first conductive material and the second conductive material electrically isolated by the dielectric material,
wherein the electrode structure comprises a lumen, the lumen comprising a first opening, a second opening, and a lumen wall defining an inner surface of the electrode structure,
wherein each of the first conductive material, the second conductive material, and the dielectric material define a portion of the lumen wall,
wherein the first conductive material, the second conductive material, and the dielectric material extend from the inner surface to an outer surface of the electrode structure, and
wherein the first conductive material comprises a working electrode and the second conductive material comprises a reference/counter electrode, the working electrode comprising an analyte responsive enzyme disposed on, in or proximate thereto;
generating a sensor signal at the working electrode; and
determining the concentration of the analyte using the sensor signal.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the electrode structure comprises a hole extending through the dielectric material and at least substantially perpendicular to the lumen.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the electrode structure comprises a rigid material provided in the dielectric material and coextruded with the first conductive material, the second conductive material, and the dielectric material.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the electrode structure comprises a proximal end and a distal end, and wherein the rigid material protrudes from the proximal end of the electrode structure and functions as a lancet.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the rigid material comprises a third conductive material.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the electrode structure comprises a hole extending into the dielectric material and at least substantially perpendicular to the lumen, wherein the hole exposes the third conductive material.
24. The method of claim 18 , wherein the first conductive material is positioned at least substantially opposite the second conductive material.
25. The method of claim 18 , wherein the first conductive material comprises carbon.
26. The method of claim 18 , wherein the second conductive material comprises Ag/AgCl.
27. The method of claim 18 , wherein the analyte-responsive enzyme is a glucose-responsive enzyme.
28. The method of claim 18 , wherein the analyte-responsive enzyme is a ketone-responsive enzyme.
29. The method of claim 18 , wherein the working electrode comprises a redox mediator disposed on, in or proximate thereto.
30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the redox mediator comprises a ruthenium-containing complex or an osmium-containing complex.
31. The method of claim 18 , wherein the dielectric material extends into the lumen beyond the portion of the lumen wall defined by the first conductive material and the portion of the lumen wall defined by the second conductive material, thereby providing at least two lancet stand-offs.
32. The method of claim 18 , wherein the dielectric material and the first conductive material each extend into the lumen beyond the portion of the lumen wall defined by the second conductive material, thereby providing at least two lancet stand-offs.
33. The method of claim 18 , wherein the dielectric material and the second conductive material each extend into the lumen beyond the portion of the lumen wall defined by the first conductive material, thereby providing at least two lancet stand-offs.