Solid state energy storage device and method
A solid state energy storage device has two electrodes, a membrane separator and a solid electrolyte having a substantially solid solvent, a salt and a mediator. The energy storage device stores electric charge by both Faradaic and non-Faradaic systems. The energy storage device may include activated carbon mixed with the electrolyte and sonicated to provide connection between the activated carbon and the mediator. The energy storage device is hot pressed to increase conductivity. The two electrodes may be asymmetric in amount of reduced and oxidized species of mediator.
1. A solid state energy storage device comprising:
a first electrode;
a second electrode;
a separator membrane between the first electrode and the second electrode;
a first electrolyte in contact with the first electrode and the separator membrane, the first electrolyte comprising dissociated salt ions, a mediator and a substantially solid solvent, the mediator of the first electrolyte being comprised of a reduced species of a molecule and an oxidized species of the molecule in a ratio of ten reduced molecules to one oxidized molecule; and
a second electrolyte in contact with the second electrode and the separator membrane, the second electrolyte comprising dissociated salt ions, a mediator and a substantially solid solvent, the mediator of the second electrolyte being comprised of a reduced species of a molecule and an oxidized species of the molecule in a ratio of one reduced molecule to ten oxidized molecules;
wherein the separator membrane is non-conductive, permeable to the dissociated salt ions and impermeable to the mediator.
2. The solid state energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode and second electrode are comprised of at least one material selected from the group consisting of porous carbon monoliths, carbon powder, carbon fiber, carbon cloth, carbon film, carbon aerogels, carbon nanotubes, carbon foam, carbon nanofibers, graphite, porous aluminum oxide, and porous titanium oxide.
3. The solid state energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the separator membrane is comprised of at least one material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, solid cross-linked polysiloxane and a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer film.
4. The solid state energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the mediator is comprised of at least one molecule selected from the group consisting of ferrocene, ferricyanide, ferrocyanide, iodide and iodine.
5. The solid state energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the dissociated salt ions are dissociated ions of at least one salt selected from the group consisting of lithium hexfluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium-bis-oxalatoborate, lithium-tetrafluoroborate, lithium(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide, and lithium-aluminum oxide.
6. The solid state energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the substantially solid electrolyte solvent is at least one material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene oxide, sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate.
7. The solid state energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode and the second electrode both comprise activated carbon;
wherein the first electrolyte comprises a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer solvent and a mediator comprising a mixture of iodide and iodine; and
wherein the second electrolyte comprises a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer solvent and a mediator comprising a mixture of iodide and iodine.
8. The solid state energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the separator membrane is between 25 and 50 micrometers thick.
9. A solid state energy storage device comprising:
a first electrode;
a second electrode;
a separator membrane between the first electrode and the second electrode;
a first electrolyte in contact with the first electrode and the separator membrane, the first electrolyte comprising dissociated salt ions, a mediator and a substantially solid solvent; and
a second electrolyte in contact with the second electrode and the separator membrane, the second electrolyte comprising dissociated salt ions, a mediator and a substantially solid solvent;
wherein the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte both comprise a polyethylene oxide solvent, a lithium salt and a ferrocene mediator.
10. A solid state energy storage device comprising:
a first electrode;
a second electrode;
a separator membrane between the first electrode and the second electrode;
a first electrolyte in contact with the first electrode and the separator membrane, the first electrolyte comprising dissociated salt ions, a mediator and a substantially solid solvent; and
a second electrolyte in contact with the second electrode and the separator membrane, the second electrolyte comprising dissociated salt ions, a mediator and a substantially solid solvent; the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte both comprise a polyethylene oxide solvent, a lithium salt and a ferrocene mediator;
wherein the first electrode and the second electrode both comprise a mixture of carbon foam and carbon powder.