Field emission devices including nanotubes or other nanoscale articles
The present invention provides devices comprising an assembly of carbon nanotubes, and related methods. In some cases, the carbon nanotubes may have enhanced alignment. Devices of the invention may comprise features and/or components which may enhance the emission of electrons and may lower the operating voltage of the devices. Using methods described herein, carbon nanotube assemblies may be manufactured rapidly, at low cost, and over a large surface area. Such devices may be useful in display applications such as field emission devices, or other applications requiring high image quality, low power consumption, and stability over a wide temperature range.
1. A method of generating an emission, comprising:
providing a field emission device comprising an electrode having a surface, and a plurality of carbon nanotubes in electrical communication with the surface, the carbon nanotubes supported by a polymer support material and in substantial alignment with each other with their major axis in non-parallel relation to the electrode surface such that at least 25% of carbon nanotubes are substantially contained within the polymer support material and do not contact other carbon nanotubes, wherein the field emission device is fabricated by contacting a substrate with a mixture comprising carbon nanotubes, a precursor of the polymer support material, and a fluid carrier; and
generating a field emission signal from the electrode.
2. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the polymer support material comprises a conducting polymer.
3. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the polymer support material comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene).
4. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the polymer support material comprises a sol-gel.
5. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the generating comprises application of a voltage of 100 volts or less to the electrode.
6. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the electrode comprises gold.
7. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the electrode is immersed in a fluid.
8. A method as in claim 7 , wherein the fluid is a noble gas.
9. A method as in claim 7 , wherein the fluid is substantially free of water and/or oxygen.
10. A method as in claim 1 , wherein, upon application of an electric field, the device exhibits a conductivity at least 5 times lower than in an essentially identical device lacking the polymer support material, under essentially identical conditions.
11. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the polymer support material comprises an additive.
12. A method as in claim 11 , wherein the additive comprises silica.
13. An electrode for a field induced emission device, comprising:
an electrode comprising an assembly of carbon nanotubes and a polymer support material integrally connected to at least a portion of the carbon nanotubes such that the carbon nanotubes are substantially contained within the polymer support material, wherein the electrode is fabricated by contacting a substrate with a mixture comprising carbon nanotubes, a precursor of the polymer support material, and a fluid carrier,
wherein, upon application of an electric field, the device exhibits a conductivity at least five times lower than in an essentially identical device lacking the polymer, under essentially identical conditions.
14. An electrode as in claim 13 , wherein the electrode is gold.
15. An electrode as in claim 13 , wherein the electrode is immersed in a fluid.
16. An electrode as in claim 15 , wherein the fluid is a noble gas.
17. An electrode as in claim 13 , wherein, upon application of an electric field, the device exhibits a conductivity at least 10 times lower than in an essentially identical device lacking the polymer support material, under essentially identical conditions.
18. An electrode as in claim 13 , wherein at least 25% of carbon nanotubes substantially contained within the polymer support material do not contact other carbon nanotubes.
19. A field induced emission device comprising an electrode as in claim 13 .
20. A picture element comprising an electrode as in claim 13 .
21. A display device comprising an electrode as in claim 13 .
22. A display device as in claim 21 , wherein the display device is a full color display, conformal display, flat panel display, liquid crystal display, plasma display, or field emission display.
23. A lighting device comprising an electrode as in claim 13 .
24. An electrode as in claim 13 , wherein the polymer support material comprises a conducting polymer.
25. An electrode as in claim 13 , wherein the polymer support material comprises polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrrole, polyphenylene, polyarylene, poly(bisthiophene phenylene), a ladder polymer, poly(arylene vinylene), poly(arylene ethynylene), metal derivatives thereof, or substituted derivatives thereof.
26. An electrode as in claim 13 , wherein the polymer support material comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene).
27. An electrode as in claim 13 , wherein the polymer support material comprises a sol-gel.
28. A method of forming an assembly of carbon nanotubes on a surface of a substrate, comprising:
providing a mixture comprising carbon nanotubes, a precursor of a polymer support material for the carbon nanotubes, and a fluid carrier;
contacting a substrate with the mixture;
exposing the mixture, on the substrate, to an electric field that orients the carbon nanotubes; and
forming the assembly on the surface of the substrate, comprising the carbon nanotubes supported by the polymer support material in an orientation wherein the long axes of the carbon nanotubes are substantially aligned and non-parallel to the surface of the substrate and at least 25% of carbon nanotubes are substantially contained within the polymer support material and do not contact other carbon nanotubes,
wherein the polymer support material comprises a conducting polymer.