Memory devices and methods of operating the same

1. A memory device comprising a memory cell, the memory cell comprising:

a bipolar memory element; and

a bidirectional switching element having a bidirectional switching characteristic, the bidirectional switching element including at least two switching elements having opposite switching directions, the at least two switching elements being connected to ends of the bipolar memory element.

2. A memory device including a memory cell, the memory cell comprising:

a bipolar memory element;

a first switching element connected to a first end of the bipolar memory element and having a first switching direction; and

a second switching element connected to a second end of the bipolar memory element and having a second switching direction, which is opposite to the first switching direction.

3. The memory device of claim 2 , wherein the first and second switching elements are Schottky diodes.

4. The memory device of claim 3 , wherein the first switching element includes a first semiconductor layer and the second switching element includes a second semiconductor layer, and each of the first and second semiconductor layers contact the bipolar memory element, and wherein the bipolar memory element, the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layers are oxide layers.

5. The memory device of claim 4 , wherein an oxygen concentration of the bipolar memory element is lower than oxygen concentrations of the first and second semiconductor layers.

6. The memory device of claim 3 , wherein the first switching element includes a first electrode contacting a first semiconductor layer, and the second switching element includes a second electrode contacting a second semiconductor layer; wherein

the first electrode, the first semiconductor layer, the bipolar memory element, the second semiconductor layer and the second electrode are in the form of a stack structure.

7. The memory device of claim 6 , wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are platinum (Pt) layers, the first and second semiconductor layers are TiO x (30%) layers, and the bipolar memory element is a TiO x (15%) layer.

8. The memory device of claim 2 , wherein the first and second switching elements are pn diodes.

9. The memory device of claim 8 , wherein the first switching element includes a first semiconductor layer, and the second switching element includes a second semiconductor layer, and wherein the first and second semiconductor layers contact the bipolar memory element, and a conductive region is formed in a portion of each of the first and second semiconductor layers contacting the bipolar memory element.

10. The memory device of claim 9 , wherein the first and second semiconductor layers are n-type oxide layers, and the conductive region has a lower oxygen concentration than residue regions of the first and second semiconductor layers.

11. The memory device of claim 9 , wherein the first and second semiconductor layers are p-type oxide layers, and the conductive region has a higher oxygen concentration than residue regions of the first and second semiconductor layers.

12. The memory device of claim 8 , wherein the bipolar memory element is formed of an oxide.

13. The memory device of claim 2 , wherein at least a part of the bipolar memory element forms a part of the first and second switching elements.

14. The memory device of claim 13 , wherein the memory cell further comprises:

a first semiconductor layer having a first conduction type; and

second and third semiconductor layers having a second conduction type disposed at ends of the first semiconductor layer; wherein

the first semiconductor layer is the bipolar memory element,

the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer form the first switching element, and

the first semiconductor layer and the third semiconductor layer form the second switching element.

15. The memory device of claim 2 , wherein the bipolar memory element includes an oxide resistor.

16. The memory device of claim 15 , wherein the oxide resistor includes at least one material selected from the group including Ti oxide, Ni oxide, Cu oxide, Co oxide, Hf oxide, Zr oxide, Zn oxide, W oxide, Nb oxide, TiNi oxide, LiNi oxide, Al oxide, InZn oxide, V oxide, SrZr oxide, Seri oxide, Cr oxide, Fe oxide, Ta oxide, and PCMO (PrCaMnO).

17. The memory device of claim 15 , wherein each of the first and second switching elements includes an oxide semiconductor.

18. The memory device of claim 17 , wherein the oxide semiconductor includes an oxide of the same group as the oxide resistor.

19. The memory device of claim 17 , wherein the oxide semiconductor includes an oxide of a different group from the oxide resistor.

20. The memory device of claim 17 , wherein the oxygen concentration of at least a portion of the bipolar memory element is different from the oxygen concentration of at least a portion of the first and second switching elements.

21. The memory device of claim 2 , wherein each of the first and second switching elements includes an oxide semiconductor.

22. The memory device of claim 2 , wherein a doping condition of at least a portion of the bipolar memory element is different from a doping condition of at least a portion of the first and second switching elements.

23. The memory device of claim 2 , wherein the first and second switching elements directly contact ends of the bipolar memory element.

24. The memory device of claim 2 , wherein the memory cell is an oxide unit.

25. The memory device of claim 2 , further comprising:

a plurality of first electrodes having a wire shape, the plurality of first electrodes being disposed in parallel with each other; and

a plurality of second electrodes having a wire shape, the plurality of second electrodes being disposed in parallel with each other; wherein

the memory cell is disposed at each of the intersections of the first and second electrodes.

26. The memory device of claim 25 , wherein the memory cell is a first memory cell, and the memory device further comprises:

a plurality of third electrodes crossing the second electrodes, the plurality of third electrodes having a wire shape, and being in parallel with each other; and

a second memory cell disposed at each of the intersections of the second and third electrodes.

27. The memory device of claim 26 , wherein the second memory cell and the first memory cell have a same structure.

28. The memory device of claim 26 , wherein the second memory cell has a modified structure from the first memory cell in which the switching directions of first and second switching elements are inversed.

29. A memory card comprising:

a controller; and

a memory including the memory device of claim 1 , the memory being configured to exchange data with the controller according to commands from the controller.

30. An electronic device comprising:

a processor configured to control the electronic device;

an input/output device configured to input/output data to/from the electronic device; and

a memory including the memory device of claim 1 , the memory being configured to store at least one of codes and programs for operating the processor; wherein

the processor, the input/output device and the memory are configured to exchange data via a bus.