Reactors for forming foam materials from high internal phase emulsions, methods of forming foam materials and conductive nanostructures therein
An RF inductor such as a Tesla antenna splices nanotube ends together to form a nanostructure in a polymer foam matrix. High Internal Phase Emulsion (HIPE) is gently sheared and stretched in a reactor comprising opposed coaxial counter-rotating impellers, which parallel-align polymer chains and also carbon nanotubes mixed with the oil phase. Stretching and forced convection prevent the auto-acceleration effect. Batch and continuous processes are disclosed. In the batch process, a fractal radial array of coherent vortices in the HIPE is preserved when the HIPE polymerizes, and helical nanostructures around these vortices are spliced by microhammering into longer helices. A disk radial filter produced by the batch process has improved radial flux from edge to center due to its area-preserving radial vascular network. In the continuous process, strips of HIPE are pulled from the periphery of the reactor continuously and post-treated by an RF inductor to produce cured conductive foam.
1. A method of forming a nanostructure, comprising:
dispersing nanotubes in a matrix material, wherein the nanotubes comprises carbon nanotubes and the matrix material comprises carbon;
inducing currents in the nanotubes;
ionizing the matrix material at ends of the nanotubes, wherein ionizing the matrix material at the ends of the nanotubes includes:
electrolytically separating portions of matrix material located between oppositely charged ends of the carbon nanotubes; and providing carbon ions for nanotube growth.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the frequency of the currents is in the radio frequency range.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the matrix material comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a thermoset polymeric material, a thermoplastic material and a ceramic material.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the matrix is a foam that includes high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) foam.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the matrix is a monomer.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the matrix is a polymer.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the matrix is thermoplastic extruded through spinnerets.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotubes a positioned on the surface of the matrix.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the frequency of the currents is in the microwave frequency range.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ionizing the matrix at the ends of the nanotubes causes the nanotubes ends to extend.