Conductive rubber elastic material, charging member and electrophotographic apparatus
A conductive rubber elastic material is stably provided which can produce a charging member that may less vary in electrical resistance even with changes in applied voltage, promises uniform electrical properties, has charge characteristics not affected by changes in environments such as temperature and humidity, and enables a charging object member such as a photosensitive member to be kept from being contaminated. It is a conductive rubber elastic material which contains a matrix containing at least one ionically conductive rubber selected from the group consisting of epichlorohydrin rubber, epichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide rubber, epichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide-allyl glycidyl ether rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and a hydrogenated product of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and domains composed of an electronically conductive rubber material containing i) a rubber having a butadiene skeleton and ii) carbon black, and the rubber having a butadiene skeleton is modified at a molecular terminal thereof with a specific atomic group.
1. A conductive rubber elastic material comprising:
a matrix containing at least one ionically conductive rubber selected from the group consisting of epichlorohydrin rubber, epichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide rubber, epichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide-allyl glycidyl ether rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and a hydrogenated product of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber;
and domains composed of an electronically conductive rubber material containing i) a rubber having a butadiene skeleton and ii) carbon black, where;
the rubber having a butadiene skeleton is modified at a molecular terminal thereof with at least one atomic group selected from the group consisting of atomic groups represented by the following formula (1) to (6):
wherein an asterisk * represents the position of bonding with a terminal carbon atom the rubber having a butadiene skeleton has, X 1 represents OH or SH, and R 101 to R 105 and R 201 to R 205 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a monovalent substituent;
wherein an asterisk * represents the position of bonding with a terminal carbon atom the rubber having a butadiene skeleton has, X 2 represents OH or SH, R 4 represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent substituent, and R 3 and R 5 represent hydrocarbon chains necessary to combine with each other to form a nitrogen-containing 4- to 6-membered ring together with the carbon atom and nitrogen atom in the formula-(2) atomic group or each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a monovalent substituent;
wherein P represents the main chain of the rubber having a butadiene skeleton; R 6 is an alkylene group having 1 to 12 carbon atom(s); R 7 and R 8 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atom(s); and n is an integer of 1 or 2, m is an integer of 1 or 2 and k is an integer of 1 or 2, provided that n+m+k is an integer of 3 or 4;
wherein P represents the main chain of the rubber having a butadiene skeleton, R 9 is an alkylene group having 1 to 12 carbon atom(s); R 10 and R 11 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atom(s); and j is an integer of 1 to 3 and h is an integer of 1 to 3, provided that j+h is an integer of 2 to 4;
wherein an asterisk * represents the position of bonding with a terminal carbon atom the rubber having a butadiene skeleton has, R 12 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atom(s), R 13 represents an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atom(s), X 3 represents OH or SH, and M 1 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atom(s) or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atom(s); and
wherein asterisks *'s each represent the position of bonding with a terminal carbon atom the rubber having a butadiene skeleton has, R 14 and R 15 each independently represent an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atom(s), X 4 and X 5 each independently represent OH or SH, and M 2 and M 3 each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atom(s) or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atom(s).
2. The conductive rubber elastic material according to claim 1 , wherein the atomic group represented by the formula (1) is an atomic group represented by the following formula (7) or the atomic group represented by the formula (2) is an atomic group represented by the following formula (8):
wherein an asterisk * represents the position of bonding with a terminal carbon atom the rubber having a butadiene skeleton has, R 71 to R 74 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atom(s), and X 6 represents OH or SH; or
wherein an asterisk * represents the position of bonding with a terminal carbon atom the rubber having a butadiene skeleton has; X 7 represents OH or SH, R 81 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atom(s) or a phenyl group; and n represents an integer of 2 to 6.
3. The conductive rubber elastic material according to claim 1 , wherein the difference in SP value between the ionically conductive rubber and the rubber having a butadiene skeleton is 1.0 (MPa) 1/2 or more.
4. The conductive rubber elastic material according to claim 1 , wherein the rubber having a butadiene skeleton is polybutadiene rubber or styrene-butadiene rubber.
5. A charging member comprising an electrically conductive support and an elastic-material layer;
Wherein, the elastic-material layer comprises the conductive rubber elastic material according to claim 1 .
6. An electrophotographic apparatus comprising the charging member according to claim 5 and an electrophotographic photosensitive member to be electrostatically charged by the charging member.