Process for recovering flunixin from pharmaceutical compositions
This invention is generally directed to a method for recovering flunixin and flunixin analogs from pharmaceutical compositions. The recovered flunixin and analogs can be, for example, reused to make new pharmaceutical compositions and thereby reduce the need and expense of manufacturing new flunixin and flunixin analogs.
1. A process for preparing a pharmaceutical dosage form comprising flunixin or a flunixin analog, wherein the process comprises:
(a) obtaining a pharmaceutical composition comprising flunixin or a flunixin analog, and at least one auxiliary substance;
(b) recovering the flunixin or a flunixin analog from the pharmaceutical composition by preferential dissolution; and
(c) formulating the flunixin or a flunixin analog into a pharmaceutical dosage form comprising the flunixin or a flunixin analog, and at least one auxiliary substance;
wherein the flunixin or the flunixin analog is purified to a purity of at least 90% and wherein the recovery of the flunixin comprises a preferencial dissolution of at least one auxiliary substance by a solvent relative to flunixin or the flunixin analog and wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, propanol, butanol, t-butanol, pentanol, neo-pentanol, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, ethyl acetate, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, ether, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, trifluoroethanol, and combinations thereof.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein:
the flunixin analog is a compound of Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
wherein:
R 1 is carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or phosphorous;
R 2 is hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, benzyl, phenyl or phenyl alkyl where the phenyl ring may be substituted by one or two halogens, C 1-6 alkyl or C 1-6 alkoxy;
R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 1-6 dihaloalkyl, C 1-6 trihaloalkyl, CH 2 Cl, CHCl 2 , CCl 3 , CH 2 Br, CHBr 2 , CBr 3 , CH 2 F, CHF2, CF3, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cyclohaloalkyl, C 3-8 cyclodihaloalkyl, C 3-8 cyclotrihaloalkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 1-6 aralkyl, C 2-6 aralkenyl, C 3-6 heterocyclic, benzyl, phenyl or phenyl alkyl where the phenyl ring may be substituted by one or two halogens, C 1-6 alkyl or C 1-6 alkoxy; C 1-6 alkylcarboxy, C 1-6 haloalkylcarboxy, C 3-8 cycloalkylcarboxy, C 2-6 alkenylcarboxy, C 2-6 alkenylcarboxy, C 2-6 alkynylcarboxy, C 1-6 alkoxycarboxy, C 3-6 heterocyclic carboxy, benzylcarboxy, phenylcarboxy, phenyl alkylcarboxy where the phenyl ring may be substituted by one or two halogens, C 1-6 alkyl or C 1-6 alkoxy.
3. A process for purifying flunixin or a flunixin analog, wherein the process comprises:
(a) obtaining a pharmaceutical composition comprising flunixin or a flunixin analog, and at least one auxiliary substance;
(b) recovering the flunixin or a flunixin analog from the pharmaceutical composition by preferential dissolution; and
(c) purifying the flunixin or a flunixin analog to a purity of at least about 90%; and
wherein the recovery of the flunixin comprises a preferencial dissolution of at least one auxiliary substance by a solvent relative to flunixin or the flunixin analog and wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, propanol, butanol, t-butanol, pentanol, neo-pentanol, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, ethyl acetate, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, ether, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, trifluoroethanol, and combinations thereof.
4. The process of claim 3 , wherein:
the active pharmaceutical ingredient comprises a compound of Formula II (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof):
wherein:
R 1 is carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or phosphorous;
R 2 is hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, benzyl, phenyl or phenyl alkyl where the phenyl ring may be substituted by one or two halogens, C 1-6 alkyl or C 1-6 alkoxy;
R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 1-6 dihaloalkyl, C 1-6 trihaloalkyl, CH 2 Cl, CHCl 2 , CCl 3 , CH 2 Br, CHBr 2 , CBr 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF3, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cyclohaloalkyl, C 3-8 cyclodihaloalkyl, C 3-8 cyclotrihaloalkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 1-6 aralkyl, C 2-6 aralkenyl, C 3-6 heterocyclic, benzyl, phenyl or phenyl alkyl where the phenyl ring may be substituted by one or two halogens, C 1-6 alkyl or C 1-6 alkoxy; C 1-6 alkylcarboxy, C 1-6 haloalkylcarboxy, C 3-8 cycloalkylcarboxy, C 2-6 alkenylcarboxy, C 2-6 alkenylcarboxy, C 2-6 alkynylcarboxy, C 1-6 alkoxycarboxy, C 3-6 heterocyclic carboxy, benzylcarboxy, phenylcarboxy, phenyl alkylcarboxy where the phenyl ring may be substituted by one or two halogens, C 1-6 alkyl or C 1-6 alkoxy.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the pharmaceutical composition of step (a) comprises a pharmaceutical dosage form.
6. The process of claim 5 , wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutical dosage form selected from the group consisting of parenteral dosage forms, topical dosage forms, oral solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, granular dosage forms, suspensions, aerosol dosage forms, transdermal dosage forms, sustained release dosage forms, controlled released dosage forms, implant dosage forms, and powder dosage forms.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the pharmaceutical composition of step (a) comprises an intermediate in the production of a pharmaceutical dosage form.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the auxiliary substance of the pharmaceutical composition comprises a substance selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, additional active pharmaceutical ingredients, and a combination thereof.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the preferential dissolution of the recovery comprises partitioning of at least one auxiliary substance in a first solvent from the flunixin or a flunixin analog in a second solvent.
10. A process for recovering flunixin or a flunixin analog from a pharmaceutical composition, wherein the process comprises:
(a) obtaining a pharmaceutical composition comprising flunixin or a flunixin analog, and at least one auxiliary substance;
(b) adding a solvent to the pharmaceutical composition that preferentially dissolves the auxiliary substances relative to the flunixin or flunixin analog to form a mixture;
(c) facilitating the dissolution of the auxiliary substances relative to the flunixin or flunixin analog in the mixture by performing at least one action selected from the group consisting of:
heating the mixture,
cooling the mixture,
adjusting the pH of the mixture,
adjusting the volume of the mixture,
separating a solvent phase in the mixture,
removing a solvent phase from the mixture, and
agitating the mixture;
(d) isolating the flunixin or flunixin analog from the mixture;
(e) drying the flunixin or flunixin analog isolated from the mixture; and
(f) purifying the flunixin or flunixin analog
wherein the flunixin or the flunixin analog is purified to a purity of at least 90% and wherein the recovery of the flunixin comprises a preferencial dissolution of at least one auxiliary substance by a solvent relative to flunixin or the flunixin analog and wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, propanol, butanol, t-butanol, pentanol, neo-pentanol, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, ethyl acetate, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, ether, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, trifluoroethanol, and combinations thereof.
11. The process of claim 10 , wherein the process comprises:
(a) obtaining a pharmaceutical composition comprising flunixin or a flunixin analog, and at least one auxiliary substance;
(b) adding a solvent to the pharmaceutical composition that preferentially dissolves the auxiliary substances relative to the flunixin or flunixin analog to form a mixture;
(c) facilitating the dissolution of the auxiliary substances relative to the flunixin or flunixin analog in the mixture by performing at least one action selected from the group consisting of:
heating the mixture to boiling,
cooling the mixture to a temperature of from about −25° C. to about 25° C.,
adjusting the pH of the mixture to a pH of greater than about 10 or less than about 4,
adjusting the volume of the mixture,
separating a solvent phase in the mixture,
removing a solvent phase from the mixture, and
agitating the mixture;
(d) isolating the flunixin or flunixin analog from the mixture by centrifugation or filtration;
(e) drying the flunixin or flunixin analog isolated from the mixture at a temperature of from about 50° C. to about 100° C.; and
(f) purifying the flunixin or flunixin analog by recrystallization.
12. The process of claim 9 , wherein the partitioning of the auxiliary substances in a first solvent from the flunixin or flunixin analog in a second solvent comprises:
(i) dissolving the pharmaceutical composition in at least two solvents to form a mixture, such that the flunixin or flunixin analog is preferentially dissolved in at least one solvent relative to the auxiliary substances;
(ii) facilitating the dissolution of the flunixin or flunixin analog in the at least one solvent by performing at least one action selected from the group consisting of:
heating the mixture,
cooling the mixture,
adjusting the pH of the mixture,
adjusting the volume of the mixture,
separating a solvent phase in the mixture,
removing a solvent phase from the mixture, and
agitating the mixture;
(iii) separating the at least one solvent containing the preferentially dissolved flunixin from the mixture;
(iv) reducing the solvent volume of the at least one solvent to precipitate or crystallize the flunixin or flunixin analog; and
(v) isolating the flunixin or flunixin analog from the at least one solvent.
13. The process of claim 12 , wherein the process comprises:
(a) obtaining a pharmaceutical composition comprising flunixin or a flunixin analog, and at least one auxiliary substance;
(b) adding a solvent to the pharmaceutical composition that preferentially partitions the flunixin or flunixin analog relative to the auxiliary substances to form a mixture, wherein:
the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, acetone, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, trifluoroethanol, and combinations thereof;
(c) facilitating the dissolution of the flunixin or flunixin analog relative to the auxiliary substances in the mixture by performing at least one action selected from the group consisting of:
heating the mixture to up to, and including, the boiling point of the solvent or solvent combination,
cooling the mixture to a temperature of from about −25° C. to about 25° C.,
adjusting the pH of the mixture to a pH of from about 1 to about 12,
adjusting the volume of the mixture,
separating a solvent phase in the mixture,
removing a solvent phase from the mixture, and
agitating the mixture;
(d) separating the at least one solvent containing the preferentially dissolved flunixin from the mixture;
(e) reducing the solvent volume of the mixture by evaporation or distillation to precipitate or crystallize the flunixin or flunixin analog;
(f) isolating the flunixin or flunixin analog from the mixture by centrifugation or filtration;
(g) drying the flunixin or flunixin analog isolated from the mixture at a temperature of from about 50° C. to about 100° C.; and
(h) purifying the flunixin or flunixin analog by recrystallization.