Biocomposite materials and methods for making the same
A particle (and a composition that includes a plurality of the particles) that includes at least one polypeptide molecule and at least one polymer covalently bound to the polypeptide molecule so as to form a polymer shell substantially encompassing the polypeptide molecule, wherein the particle does not define a dimension greater than about 1 μm. One example for making the particle includes modifying the polypeptide molecule to provide α, β-ethylenically unsaturated terminal functional groups, mixing the modified polypeptide molecule with a silicon-containing polymerizable compound, and subjecting the resulting mixture to conditions sufficient for polymerizing the polymerizable compound to form the particle.
1. A method for making a biocomposite material, comprising:
modifying a polypeptide to provide α, β-ethylenically unsaturated functional terminal groups;
mixing the modified polypeptide with a polymerizable compound that includes (i) a functional group reactive with the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated functional terminal group of the modified polypeptide, and (ii) a silicon-containing functional group;
subjecting the resulting mixture to conditions sufficient for forming a product that includes biocomposite particles that comprise the polypeptide and a crosslinked polymer shell produced from the polymerizable compound, wherein the crosslinked polymer shell substantially encompasses the polypeptide and is not crosslinked with any other crosslinked polymer shells present in the mixture; and
isolating a composition from the product, wherein substantially all of the biocomposite particles in the isolated composition each individually do not define a dimension greater than about 1 μm and are not crosslinked together.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide comprises an enzyme.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein isolating the composition comprises passing the product through a filter that defines a maximum pore size of 1 μm.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein substantially all of the biocomposite particles each individually do not define a dimension greater than about 200 nm, and the isolating of the composition comprises passing the product through a filter that defines a maximum pore size of 200 nm.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated functional terminal groups comprise vinyl groups, and the polymerizable compound comprises a carbon-unsaturated silane compound.
6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the subjecting of the resulting mixture to conditions sufficient for forming a product comprises free radical polymerizing the resulting mixture to produce an intermediate, and then hydrolyzing and condensing the intermediate to produce the product.
7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the hydrolyzing and condensing of the intermediate occurs simultaneously with the isolating of the composition from the product.
8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the hydrolyzing and condensing of the intermediate comprises:
providing the intermediate in an organic solvent phase;
mixing the organic solvent phase containing the intermediate with an aqueous buffer solution; and
extracting the product into the aqueous buffer solution.
9. The method according to claim 8 , further comprising passing the extracted aqueous buffer solution through a filter that defines a maximum pore size of 1 μm.
10. The method of claim 5 , wherein the polypeptide comprises an enzyme.
11. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising passing the modified polypeptide through a filter that defines a maximum pore size of 1 μm, and mixing the modified polypeptide particles in the filtrate with the polymerizable compound.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a separate crosslinking agent is not added during the method.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein substantially all of the biocomposite particles contain a single polypeptide molecule.
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the method results in a yield of biocomposite particles of about 35% to about 95%, based on the bioactivity of the polypeptide in the biocomposite particle divided by the initial bioactivity of the free polypeptide prior to synthesis of the biocomposite particle.
15. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising linking a first modified polypeptide molecule with a second modified polypeptide molecule, wherein the first modified polypeptide molecule and the second modified polypeptide molecule have different polypeptide structures.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizable compound has a structure of:
R a SiX (4-a)
wherein each R represents an organic moiety that includes at least one carbon-unsaturated bond and in which a carbon atom is bonded directly to the silicon atom, and; a is an integer from 1 to 3; and each X represents at least one moiety selected from a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, a siloxy group, an alkyl group, a carboxyl group, or an amino group; and wherein each R moiety may be the same or different and each X moiety may be the same or different.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein modifying a polypeptide to provide α, β-ethylenically unsaturated functional terminal groups comprises reacting the polypeptide with (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrylate, substituted (meth)acrylate, or acryloyl chloride.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide is selected from an enzyme, a hormone, a toxin, an antibody, an antigen, a lectin, a structural protein, a signal protein, a transport protein, a receptor, a blood factor, or a mixture thereof.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the isolating is effected via filtration.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biocomposite particles in the isolated composition are provided in a liquid media.