Functionalized zirconia nanoparticles and high index films made therefrom
The present disclosure relates to surface-modified zirconia nanoparticles, methods for making and using the same, and high index of refraction films made therefrom. The provided zirconia nanoparticles are surface modified with ligands that include N-hydroxyurea functionalities. The provided ligands also can contain compatibilizing groups that allow the provided surface-modified zirconia nanoparticles to be incorporated into an organic matrix. High index of refraction films can be made using these organic matrices.
1. Surface-modified nanoparticles comprising:
zirconia nanoparticles; and
at least one non-metallic organic derivative, comprising at least one N-hydroxyurea functionality,
wherein at least some of the non-metallic organic derivatives are attached to at least some of the zirconia nanoparticles.
2. Surface-modified nanoparticles according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one non-metallic organic derivative further comprises a compatibilizing group.
3. Surface-modified nanoparticles according to claim 2 , wherein the compatibilizing group is polar, nonpoplar, or a combination thereof.
4. Surface-modified nanoparticles according to claim 3 , wherein the polar compatibilizing group, if present, is selected from a hydroxyl group, a carboxylic acid group, an amine group, a thiol group, an epoxide group, an aziridine group, an azide group, a halide group, an alkyne group, an olefin group, an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, and combinations thereof.
5. Surface-modified nanoparticles according to claim 3 , wherein the non-polar compatibilizing group, if present, is selected from an alkyl group, an alkylene group, a heteroalkyl group, an aryl group, an arylene group, and combinations thereof.
6. Surface-modified nanoparticles according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one non-metallic organic derivative has the formula:
wherein R 1 , is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, an alkylaryl group, an alkylheteroaryl group and a heterocycloalkyl group, and
wherein R 2 and R 3 , independently, include a moiety selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylene, and combinations thereof.
7. Surface-modified nanoparticles according to claim 6 , wherein the organic derivative has a moiety included in R 2 , R 3 or both, that further comprises at least one group selected from the groups consisting of hydroxyl groups, amino groups, thioether groups, thiol groups, carboxyl groups, carbonyl groups, ester groups, alkylether groups, alkynyl groups, alkenyl groups, halogen groups, and combinations thereof.
8. Surface-modified nanoparticles according to claim 7 , wherein one or more of the moieties comprises an acrylate or methacrylate ester.
9. A sol comprising surface-modified nanoparticles according to claim 1 .
10. A method of making surface-modified nanoparticles comprising:
combining an aqueous sol of acetate-functionalized zirconia nanoparticles with at least one non-metallic organic derivative comprising at least one N-hydroxyurea functionality, or a solution thereof, to form a mixture; and
removing water and displaced acetic acid from the mixture to form surface-modified nanoparticles.
11. A method according to claim 10 , wherein the at least one non-metallic organic derivative further comprises a compatibilizing group.
12. A method according to claim 10 , wherein the at least one compatibilizing group is selected from a hydroxyl group, a carboxylic acid group, an amine group, a thiol group, an epoxide group, an aziridine group, an azide group, a halide group, an alkyne group, an olefin group, an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, and combinations thereof.
13. A method according to claim 11 , wherein the at least one compatibilizing group is selected from alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylene, and combinations thereof.
14. A method according to claim 10 , wherein the at least one non-metallic organic derivative has the formula:
wherein R 1 , is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, an alkylaryl group, an alkylheteroaryl group and a heterocycloalkyl group, and
wherein R 2 and R 3 , independently, include a moiety selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylene, and combinations thereof.
15. A method according to claim 14 , wherein the non-metallic organic derivative has a moiety included in R 2 , R 3 or both, that further comprises at least one group selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups, amino groups, thioether groups, thiol groups, carboxyl groups, carbonyl groups, ester groups, alkylether groups, alkynyl groups, alkenyl groups, halogen groups, (meth)acrylate groups, and combinations thereof.
16. A composition comprising:
an organic matrix; and
surface-modified zirconia nanoparticles attached to at least a portion of the organic matrix, wherein the surface-modified nanoparticles comprise at least one non-metallic organic derivative comprising at least one N-hydroxyurea functionality.
17. A composition according to claim 16 , wherein the organic matrix is derived from monomers, oligomers, copolymers, or a combination thereof.
18. A composition according to claim 16 that is translucent or transparent.
19. A composition according to claim 16 that is radioopaque.
20. A composition according to claim 16 that has an index of refraction greater than about 1.6.
21. A composition according to claim 16 wherein the organic matrix comprises a pressure-sensitive adhesive.