Electroconductive inks made with metallic nanoparticles
An electroconductive ink made with metallic nanoparticles is disclosed. The ink contains an organophosphorus acid that increases adhesion between the deposited metallic layer and the substrate to which the metallic layer is applied.
1. An electroconductive ink comprising:
(a) a dispersion of metal nanoparticles with a dispersant on the surface of the metal nanoparticles and as a separate component,
(b) an omega substituted organophosphorus acid;
the metal nanoparticles being present in amounts of 5 to 80 percent by weight and the omega substituted organophosphorus acid being present in amounts of 0.0005 to 5 percent by weight; the percentages by weight being based on total weight of the electroconductive ink.
2. The composition of claim 1 in which the metal is selected from copper, silver, palladium, gold or any combination thereof.
3. The composition of claim 2 in which the metal is silver.
4. The composition of claim 3 in which the dispersant is an organic carboxylic acid.
5. The composition of claim 4 in which the organocarboxylic acid contains from 4 to 36 carbon atoms.
6. The composition of claim 1 in which the metal nanoparticles have a particle size of 1 to 500 nanometers.
7. The composition of claim 1 in which the dispersion contains an organic diluent.
8. The composition of claim 7 in which the organic diluent is selected from hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters and ketones.
9. The composition of claim 1 in which the organo groups of the organophosphorus acid have omega substituted functional groups.
10. The composition of claim 1 in which the omega substituted functional groups are selected from phosphonic acid, carboxylic acid, hydroxyl, thiol and amine including various combinations thereof.
11. An electroconductive ink comprising:
(a) a dispersion of silver nanoparticles with an organocarboxylic acid dispersant on the surface of the silver nanoparticles and as a separate component,
(b) an omega substituted organophosphorus acid;
the silver nanoparticles being present in amounts of 10 to 70 percent by weight and the omega substituted organophosphorus acid being present in amounts of 0.0005 to 5 percent by weight, the percentages by weight being based on total weight of the electroconductive ink.
12. The electroconductive ink of claim 11 in which the omega substituted organophosphorus acid is a carboxylic acid functional organophosphonic acid.
13. A process for making an electronic device comprising:
(a) depositing an electroconductive ink upon a substrate, the electroconductive ink comprising:
(i) a dispersion of metal nanoparticles with a dispersant adsorbed on the surface of the metal nanoparticles and as a separate component
(ii) an omega substituted organophosphorus acid;
the metal nanoparticles being present in amounts of 5 to 80 percent by weight and the omega substituted organophosphorus acid being present in amounts of 0.0005 to 5 percent by weight; the percentages by weight being based on total weight of the electroconductive ink;
(b) heating the deposited electroconductive ink at a temperature sufficient to sinter the nanoparticles to form an electrically conductive layer.
14. The process of claim 13 in which the deposition step is selected from the following: screen/stencil printing, gravure printing, flexographic printing, offset printing, stamping, microcontact printing, inkjet printing, spin coating, dip coating, blade coating, spraying and casting.
15. The process of claim 13 in which the substrate is silicon, glass, metal oxide coated glass and plastic.
16. The process of claim 15 in which the substrate is plastic and is selected from polyimides, liquid crystalline polymers and polyesters.
17. The process of claim 13 in which the heating is performed at a temperature of about 180 to 400° C.
18. The process of claim 13 in which the substrate has groups that are reactive with the omega functional groups and/or the phosphorus acid groups.
19. The process of claim 18 in which during the heating step at least a portion of the dispersant is removed from the metal nanoparticles and the acid and/or the omega functional groups bond with the metal nanoparticle and the acid and/or the omega functional groups bond with the reactive groups on the substrate surface.
20. An electronic device made by the process of claim 13 .
21. The electronic device of claim 20 in the form of a thin film transistor.
22. A process for making an electronic device comprising:
(a) depositing an electroconductive ink on a substrate;
(i) the electroconductive ink comprising:
(1) a dispersion of silver nanoparticles with a dispersant on the surface of the silver nanoparticles,
(2) an omega functional organophosphorus acid;
the silver nanoparticles being present in amounts of 10 to 70 percent by weight and the omega substituted organophosphorus acid being present in amounts of 0.0005 to 5 percent by weight; the percentages by weight being based on total weight of the electroconductive ink;
(ii) the substrate having groups that are reactive with the acid and/or the omega functional groups;
(b) heating the deposited composition to a temperature sufficient to remove at least a portion of the dispersant from the surface of the silver nanoparticles and to cause the coalescing silver nanoparticles to bond to the acid and/or the omega functional groups of the organophosphorus acid and the groups of the substrate to bond with the acid and/or the omega groups of the organophosphorus acid in forming an electroconductive layer.
23. An electrical device comprising an electrically conductive layer comprising metal nanoparticles sintered together and bonded to a substrate with an omega functional phosphorus acid in which the sintered silver is bonded to the omega functional organophosphorus acid through the acid and/or the omega functional groups and in which the substrate is bonded to the omega functional organophosphorus acid through the acid and/or the omega functional groups.