Lithium-ion cell with an array of reference electrodes
A cluster or array of reference electrode materials is prepared and used to monitor the state of charge of positive and negative active electrode materials of a lithium-ion cell. The reference electrode materials are composed so as to provide useful electrochemical potential values when placed in the same electrolyte in proximity with a positive or negative electrode. The array of reference electrodes includes at least two electrically discrete instances of reference electrode materials. Such duplication of reference material in the array permits confirmation of the present quality and activity of a reference material used for evaluation of positive and/or negative electrode material in a lithium-ion cell.
1. A lithium-ion cell comprising a positive electrode with a lithium-reaction active positive electrode material and a negative electrode with a lithium-reaction active negative electrode material, and an array of discrete reference electrodes carried on a common electrically insulating ceramic substrate for independently determining the state of charge of each of the positive electrode material and negative electrode material; the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the array of reference electrodes carried on the common electrically insulating ceramic substrate being in electrochemical contact with a common electrolyte; the reference electrode array comprising:
a first group of at least two duplicate reference electrodes, each of the duplicate reference electrodes comprising a first composition of reference electrode material; and
at least one additional group of at least two duplicate reference electrodes, each additional group of duplicate reference electrodes comprising a composition of reference electrode material that is different from the first composition of reference electrode material and from the composition of reference material of each additional group of duplicate reference electrodes;
where all such groups of duplicate reference electrodes are grouped on the common electrically insulating ceramic substrate for effectively equivalent determination of an electrochemical potential of the positive electrode material and the negative electrode material and each reference electrode is separately connectable with at least one of the positive electrode material and the negative electrode material.
2. A lithium-ion cell as recited in claim 1 in which the common electrically insulating ceramic substrate has been inserted therein is partially immersed in the electrolyte.
3. A lithium-ion cell as recited in claim 2 in which the substrate carries a separate electrically connecting wire from each reference electrode to a location outside the electrolyte, the connecting wire serving for separate connection to the positive electrode or the negative electrode or to another reference electrode.
4. A lithium-ion cell as recited in claim 2 in which the ceramic substrate comprises silicon nitride.
5. A lithium-ion cell as recited in claim 2 in which each of the reference electrodes has a maximum dimension of no larger than about fifty micrometers.
6. A lithium-ion cell as recited in claim 1 further comprising, in addition to the groups of duplicate reference electrodes, at least one reference electrode composed to serve as a source of lithium for other reference electrodes.
7. A lithium-ion cell as recited in claim 1 in which each reference electrode in one of the groups of reference electrodes comprises Li 5.5 Ti 5 O 12 .
8. A lithium-ion cell as recited in claim 1 in which each reference electrode in one of the groups reference electrodes comprises Li 0.5 Al.
9. A lithium-ion cell as recited in claim 1 in which each reference electrode in one of the groups of reference electrodes comprises Li 0.5 FePO 4 .
10. A lithium-ion cell as recited in claim 6 in which the at least one reference electrode comprises lithium intercalated in carbon.
11. A lithium-ion cell as recited in claim 1 in which each reference electrode is connectable for charging with lithium from at least one of another reference electrode, the positive electrode, or the negative electrode.
12. A lithium-ion cell comprising an electrode stack comprising repeated layers of a positive electrode conductor foil with a coating of a lithium-reaction active positive electrode material, a separator, a negative electrode conductor foil coated on both sides with a lithium-reaction active negative electrode material, and a second separator; and, inserted in a repeated layer of the electrode stack, an array of discrete reference electrodes carried on a common electrically insulating ceramic substrate chip for independently determining the state of charge of each of adjacent positive electrode material and negative electrode material; the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the array of reference electrodes being in electrochemical contact with a common electrolyte; the array of discrete reference electrodes comprising:
at least two duplicate reference electrodes comprising a first composition of reference electrode material;
at least two duplicate reference electrodes comprising a composition of reference electrode material that is different from the first composition of reference electrode material;
where all such reference electrodes are in the nanometer to micrometer size range and are grouped on the electrically insulating ceramic substrate chip for effectively equivalent determination of an electrochemical potential of adjacent positive electrode material and adjacent negative electrode material, and each reference electrode is separately connectable with at least one of the positive electrode material and the negative electrode material.
13. A lithium-ion cell as recited in claim 12 in which the chip carries a separate electrically connecting wire from each reference electrode to a location outside the electrolyte, the connecting wire serving for separate connection to the positive electrode or the negative electrode or to another reference electrode.
14. A lithium-ion cell as recited in claim 12 in which each reference electrode is connectable for charging with lithium from at least one of another reference electrode, the positive electrode, or the negative electrode.