Wellbore mechanical integrity for in situ pyrolysis
A method of completing a wellbore in a subsurface formation. The method principally has application to subsurface formations comprising organic-rich rock that is to be heated in situ. Heating the organic-rich rock pyrolyzes solid hydrocarbons into hydrocarbon fluids. The method includes identifying sections along the wellbore where the organic richness of formation rock within the identified zones varies over short distances. Such variance presents a risk of mechanical failure to downhole equipment. The method further includes strengthening the downhole equipment in at least one of the identified sections.
1. A method of completing a wellbore in a subsurface formation, the subsurface formation comprising organic-rich rock that is to be heated in situ so as to pyrolyze solid hydrocarbons into hydrocarbon fluids, and the method comprising:
forming a wellbore at least partially through the subsurface formation;
identifying zones within the subsurface formation and along the wellbore to experience temperatures in excess of a pyrolysis temperature;
identifying sections along the wellbore where an organic richness of formation rock within the identified zones varies over short distances so as to present a risk of mechanical failure to downhole equipment, wherein identifying sections comprises locating sections along the wellbore where a Fischer Assay oil content of the formation rock adjacent the wellbore vertically averaged over a selected interval changes by more than about 10 gallons per ton within a vertical span of five feet or less; and
selectively mechanically strengthening the downhole equipment in at least one of the identified sections to withstand a thermally-induced stress caused by pyrolyzing solid hydrocarbons,
wherein selectively mechanically strengthening the downhole equipment comprises at least one of (i) increasing a cross-sectional thickness of the downhole equipment over the cross-sectional thickness of the downhole equipment within one or more non-identified sections and (ii) employing downhole equipment with higher strength metallurgy over downhole equipment within one or more non-identified sections.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic-rich rock comprises oil shale, bitumen, or coal.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein increasing the cross-sectional thickness of the downhole equipment comprises using at least one of strengthening collars, applying a metal sheath, and providing a tubular body with a thicker wall.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the downhole equipment comprises one or more tubular bodies;
strengthening the tubular bodies comprises increasing the cross-sectional thickness of the one or more tubular bodies over the cross-sectional thickness of the one or more tubular bodies within one or more non-identified sections; and
tapering a thickness of at least one end of the one or more strengthened tubular bodies.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the wellbore is a heat injection well; and
the downhole equipment comprises at least one of casing, a downhole heater, electrical conduits, and electrical connections.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the downhole heater comprises a resistive heating element or a downhole combustor.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the wellbore is a producer; and
the downhole equipment comprises at least one of casing, and production equipment.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the production equipment comprises one of tubing, an electrical submersible pump, a reciprocating mechanical pump and a screen.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the downhole equipment comprises downhole sensing equipment.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the selected interval is about one foot.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the selected interval is between about one foot and five feet.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein identifying sections further comprises locating sections along the wellbore where the Fischer Assay oil content of the formation rock adjacent the wellbore vertically averaged over a selected interval changes by more than 20 gallons per ton within a vertical span of five feet or less.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the selected interval is about one foot.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein identifying sections further comprises locating sections along the wellbore where a Total Organic Carbon content of the formation rock adjacent the wellbore vertically averaged over a selected interval changes by more than 25% within a vertical span of five feet or less.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the selected interval is about one foot.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein identifying sections further comprises locating sections along the wellbore where a well log demonstrates that organic content of the formation rock adjacent the wellbore vertically averaged over a selected interval changes by more than 25% within a vertical span of five feet or less.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the selected interval is about one foot.
18. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
underreaming portions of the wellbore adjacent to the identified sections.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the organic-rich formation is an oil shale formation; and
the pyrolysis temperature is at least 270° C.