Generation of neuronal cells from embryonic stem cells
The invention relates to in vitro methods for differentiating mammalian pluripotent stem cells into cells displaying a neuronal phenotype, more particularly into cortical-type neurons including inter alia pyramidal neurons and cortical inhibitory interneurons. The invention further encompasses so-obtained neuronal cells and cell population, compositions comprising such, and further uses of said neuronal cells and cell population.
1. A method for differentiating mammalian embryonic stem (ES) cells into neural progenitors of dorsal forebrain identity comprising the steps of:
a) plating undifferentiated ES cells onto a substrate which allows adherence of cells thereto; and
b) culturing the ES cells of a) which have adhered to said substrate in a medium permissive to differentiation of the ES cells comprising exposing the cells to an antagonist of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling pathway during at least part of the culturing step, whereby neural progenitors of dorsal forebrain activity are obtained.
2. The method for differentiating mammalian embryonic stem (ES) cells according to claim 1 , wherein the neural progenitors of dorsal forebrain identity are positive at least for nestin and for any or all of orthodenticle homeobox 1 (OTX1), paired box protein PAX6, empty spiracles homolog 1 (Emx1), empty spiracles homolog 2 (Emx2) and Forkhead box protein G1 (FoxG1).
3. A method for differentiating ES cells into neural progenitors of ventral forebrain identity comprising the steps of:
a) plating undifferentiated ES cells onto a substrate which allows adherence of cells thereto; and
b) culturing the ES cells of a) which have adhered to said substrate in a medium permissive to differentiation of the ES cells comprising exposing the cells to an agonist of the SHH signalling pathway and to an antagonist of the Wnt signalling pathway during at least part of said culturing step, whereby neural progenitors of ventral forebrain identity are obtained.
4. The method for differentiating ES cells according to claim 3 , wherein the neural progenitors of ventral forebrain identity are positive at least for nestin and for any or all of homeobox protein GSH2, homeodomain transcription factors NKX2.1 and NKX2.2, and homeobox proteins Dlx1 and Dlx2.
5. A method for differentiating mammalian embryonic stem (ES) cells into cortical pyramidal neuron like cells comprising the steps of:
a) plating undifferentiated ES cells onto a substrate which allows adherence of cells thereto; and
b) culturing the ES cells of a) which have adhered to said substrate in a medium permissive to differentiation of the ES cells comprising exposing the cells to an antagonist of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling pathway during at least part of the culturing step, whereby cortical pyramidal neuron like cells are obtained.
6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the cortical pyramidal neuron like cells are positive at least for β-tubulin III (TUJ1) and/or microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2), and for any one or both of vesicular glutamate transporter VGluT1 and VGluT2.
7. The method according to claim 5 further comprising enriching or isolating from the obtained cortical pyramidal neuron like cells a subpopulation of cells positive for one or more markers chosen from: reelin; TBR1; CTIP2; OTX1; SATB2; CUX1 or cells comprising the marker combination reelin, TBR1, calretinin and p73; or comprising the marker combination reelin and CTIP2; or comprising the marker combination Tbr1 and CTIP2; or comprising the marker combination Cux1 and SATB2.
8. A method for differentiating ES cells into cortical or striatal inhibitory interneuron or striatal projection neuron like cells comprising the steps of:
a) plating undifferentiated ES cells onto a substrate which allows adherence of cells thereto; and
b) culturing the ES cells of a) which have adhered to said substrate in a medium permissive to differentiation of the ES cells comprising exposing the cells to an agonist of the SHH signalling pathway and to an antagonist of the Wnt signalling pathway during at least part of said culturing step, into cortical or striatal inhibitory interneuron or striatal projection neuron like cells are obtained.
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the cortical/striatal inhibitory interneuron or projection neuron like cells are positive at least for β-tubulin III (TUJ1) and/or MAP2, and for vesicular GABA transporter VGAT.
10. The method according to any one of claims 1 - 8 , wherein the ES cells are non-human.
11. The method according to any one of claims 1 - 8 , wherein the medium comprises insulin.
12. The method according to any one of claims 1 - 8 , wherein the medium lacks external inductive morphogens, in particular lacks components that may otherwise induce caudalisation of neural progenitors, more in particular lacks any or all of serum or plasma; retinoic acid (RA); any members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of proteins; and any members of the Wnt family of proteins.
13. The method according to any one of claims 1 - 8 , wherein the duration of the culturing step b) is between 10 days and 14 days.
14. The method according to any one of claims 1 - 8 , wherein the duration of the culturing step b) is at least 21 days.
15. The method according to claim 1 or 5 , wherein the antagonist of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling pathway is cyclopamine or a functional derivative thereof.
16. The method according to claim 3 or 8 , wherein the antagonist of the Wnt signalling pathway is DKK or a functional fragment or derivative thereof.