Bio-nano power cells and their uses

1. A bio-nano power cell (BNPC) which comprises:

[M]-([L-RS] z -[Q] f -{[DP] b -[CM] x } z -[Q] f -[PB] c -[SF] y ) t   Formula 2

wherein:

[M] is an iron, cobalt, ruthenium, osmium, or vanadium metal ion;

[L-RS] means a ligand or groups of ligands, including monodentate, bidentate, and tridentate ligands as shown by the following Formula 1:

wherein:

L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 , L 6 , collectively [L], means the same or different ligand that is bound or associated with the metal [M] and is any organic or inorganic moiety that can associate with [M]; and provided that at least one [L] have at its end terminus a reactive site [RS];

z is independently from 1 to 6;

[Q] means a linker moiety having at least 2 reactive sites and if more than 1 [Q] is present, they may be the same or different moieties;

f is independently 0 or from 1 to the number of [RS];

[DP] means Dendritic Polymer having the ability to react with [RS] and the number of generations, G, of [DP], where G=from 1.0 to the de Gennes dense packing of the surface or N-SIS effects; the surface groups on the [DP] are biocompatible or can react with biocompatible surface groups such that the entire BNPC is biocompatible;

b is independently from 1 to at least the number of [L-RS] present;

[CM] means carried material;

x means 0 or an integer from 1 to 4000;

[PB] means polymer backbone;

c is independently from 1 to 6;

[SF] means the surface functionality groups that can either react with or associate with an enzyme, analyte, biocompatible group, cross-linking group, or [CM], or be inert, provided that the entire BNPC is biocompatible and anti-biofouling;

y means from 1 to the total number of possible surface groups available, and if greater than 1 may be the same or different moiety; and

t is from 1 to 6, provided that when t is less than 6, the other available sites on [M] are [L], H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, SCN, OH, H 2 O, NH 3 , alkylamine, dialkylamine, trialkylamine, alkoxy, heterocyclic compounds or polymer backbones that do not have reactive sites; and

provided that for at least one entity where t is 1 or more, all z are at least 1.

2. The BNPC of claim 1 wherein [M], [L-RS], [Q], [DP], [CM], [PB] and [SF] of Formula 2 can appear in the structure in any order so long as they are bound to at least one other moiety in Formula 2 and one moiety is bound to [M].

3. The BNPC of claim 1 wherein z=5 for [L-RS], f=0 or 1; x=0; and b=4, 5 or 6.

4. The BNPC of claim 1 wherein z=4 for [L-RS], f=0, c=1; x=0, and b=4.

5. The BNPC of claim 1 wherein [L-RS] is PyMIM, BiPyDA, BiPyDADme, BiPyDAE, BiPyDCBOA4, BiPyDCBOX, BiPyDCHMDA, BiPyDCPIPZ, BiPyDCTMDA, BiPyDDEDAOP, BiPyDTMDA or BiPyDHMDA.

6. The BNPC of claim 1 wherein [M] is osmium.

7. The BNPC of claim 1 wherein [Q] is DDEDA, DETA, HMDA, TREN, EDA, PMDA or PIPZ.

8. The BNPC of claim 1 wherein [DP] is PETGE, PETriGE, PETAE or PETAZ.

9. The BNPC of claim 1 wherein [PB] is PVI, PVIPVA, PVPBAc, PVPCEA, PVPCTREN or PVPy.

10. The BNPC of claim 1 wherein [SF] is DEIDA or [CM].

11. The BNPC of claim 1 wherein [SF] is an enzyme.

12. A bio-nano power cell (BNPC) which comprises:

[M] k -([L-RS] z -[Q] f -{[DP] b -[CM] x } z -[Q] f -[SF] y ) t   Formula 2A

wherein:

[M] is an iron, cobalt, ruthenium, osmium, or vanadium metal ion;

k means an integer of 2 where [M] can be the same or different metal ions;

[L-RS] means a ligand or groups of ligands, including monodentate, bidentate, and tridentate ligands as shown by the following Formula 1:

wherein:

L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 , L 6 , collectively [L], means the same or different ligand that is bound or associated with the metal [M] and is any organic or inorganic moiety that can associate with [M]; and provided that at least one [L] have at its end terminus a reactive site [RS];

z is independently from 1 to 6;

[Q] means a linker moiety having at least 2 reactive sites and if more than 1 [Q] is present, they may be the same or different moieties;

f is independently 0 or from 1 to the number of [RS];

[DP] means Dendritic Polymer having the ability to react with [RS] and the number of generations, G, of [DP], where G=from 1.0 to the de Gennes dense packing of the surface or N-SIS effects; preferably the surface groups on the [DP] are biocompatible;

b is independently from 1 to at least the number of [L-RS] present;

[CM] means carried material;

x means 0 or an integer from 1 to 4000;

[SF] means the surface functionality groups that can either react with or associate with an enzyme, analyte, cross-linking group, [CM], or be inert;

y means from 1 to the total number of possible surface groups available, and if greater than 1 may be the same or different moiety; and

t is from 1 to 6, provided that when t is less than 6, the other available sites on [M] are [L], H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, SCN, OH, H 2 O, NH 3 , alkylamine, dialkylamine, trialkylamine, alkoxy, or heterocyclic compounds; and provided that for at least one entity where t is 1 or more, all z are at least 1.

13. The BNPC of claim 12 wherein [M], [L-RS], [Q], [DP], [CM] and [SF] of Formula 2A can appear in the structure any order so long as they are bound to at least one other moiety in Formula 2A and one moiety is bound to [M], and configured such that an anode and a cathode are present.

14. The BNPC of claim 12 wherein t=6.

15. The BNPC of claim 14 wherein z=6 for [L-RS].

16. The BNPC of claim 15 wherein f=0 or 1.

17. The BNPC of claim 12 wherein z=5 for [L-RS], f=0 or 1; and b=5.

18. The BNPC of claim 12 wherein z=4 for [L-RS], f=0 or 1; and b=4.

19. The BNPC of claim 12 wherein z=3 for [L-RS], f=0 or 1; and b=3.

20. The BNPC of claim 12 wherein z=2 for [L-RS], f=0 or 1; and b=2.

21. The BNPC of claim 12 wherein [L-RS] is PyMIM, BiPyDA, BiPyDADme, BiPyDAE, BiPyDCBOA4, BiPyDCBOX, BiPyDCHMDA, BiPyDCPIPZ, BiPyDCTMDA, BiPyDDEDAOP, BiPyDTMDA or BiPyDHMDA.

22. The BNPC of claim 12 wherein [M] is osmium.

23. The BNPC of claim 12 wherein [Q] is DDEDA, DETA, HMDA, TREN, EDA, PMDA or PIPZ.

24. The BNPC of claim 12 wherein [DP] is PETGE, PETriGE, DO3A, DOTA, PETAE or PETAZ.

25. The BNPC of claim 12 wherein [SF] is DEIDA or [CM].

26. The BNPC of claim 12 wherein [M], [L-RS], [Q], [DP], and [SF] of Formula 2A can appear in the structure in any order so long as they are bound to at least one other moiety in Formula 2A and one moiety is bound to [M].

27. The BNPC of claim 12 wherein [SF] is an enzyme that electrooxidizes an anode reductant.

28. The BNPC of claim 12 wherein [SF] is an enzyme that electroreduces a cathode oxidant.