Photovoltaic bipolar to monopolar source circuit converter with frequency selective grounding
View Patent ↗An electrical power converter for converting power from a bipolar DC source to supply an AC load is disclosed. For one such embodiment the bipolar DC source is a photovoltaic array and the AC power is sourced into an electric power grid. The bipolar photovoltaic array has positive and negative voltage potentials with respect to earth ground. The converter is a utility interactive inverter which does not require an isolation transformer at the electric power grid interface. Embodiments of the invention include methods of detecting and interrupting DC ground faults in the photovoltaic array.
1. Apparatus for selectively coupling and de-coupling first and second monopolar DC sources to and from an earth ground and positive and negative terminals of a monopolar load, comprising:
a bipolar DC source that includes said first and second monopolar DC sources each having positive and negative terminals, with the positive terminal of said first monopolar DC source and the negative terminal of said second monopolar DC source connected to a DC-to-AC converter, the negative terminal of said first monopolar DC source and the positive terminal of said second monopolar DC source being connected to each other at a common connection point that is also connected to earth ground, with the stated polarities referenced to said earth ground, and
a single network of frequency-selective parallel-connected RLC devices connected between said common connection point and said earth ground, said network having a DC impedance that is lower than the AC impedance of said network at a preselected frequency.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 in which said DC impedance is low enough to hold said common ground connection at substantially ground potential during a DC ground fault.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 in which said AC impedance is low enough to prevent the common mode potential of said bipolar array from being raised above earth ground at lightning transient frequencies.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 which includes a DC-to-AC converter coupled to said bipolar DC source for converting a DC output of said source to an AC output, and in which said frequency-selective network is a parallel RLC circuit having a resonant frequency that is about three times the frequency of said AC output.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 in which said frequency-selective network is a parallel RLC circuit in which the R, L and C values provide a low DC impedance, a maximum AC impedance at a resonant frequency that is about three times the frequency of said AC output, and a lower AC impedance at frequencies higher than said resonant frequency.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 which includes a ground fault detector coupled to each of said monopolar DC sources to produce a ground fault signal when a ground fault occurs, and a controller responsive to said ground fault signal for de-coupling the faulted monopolar DC source from said common connection point.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 in which said ground fault detector is an indicating fuse.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 in which said frequency-selective network allows said common connection point to operate with an impressed common mode AC voltage with respect to earth ground, with an AC current to ground that is lower than the AC current in a direct connection of said common connection point to earth ground.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 in which any unfaulted monopolar DC source floats with the highest voltage at the poles of any unfaulted monopolar DC source equal to ±½ the open circuit voltage of said unfaulted monopolar DC source with respect to the earth ground, when a faulted monopolar DC source is de-coupled from said common connection point.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 in which said monopolar DC sources are photovoltaic arrays.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 in which said preselected frequency is an integral multiple of the utility line frequency.
12. A method of selectively coupling and de-coupling first and second monopolar DC sources to and from an earth ground and positive and negative terminals of a DC-to-AC converter, said method comprising
controllably coupling said first and second monopolar DC sources, each having positive and negative terminals, with the positive terminal of said first monopolar DC source and the negative terminal of said second monopolar DC source connected to a DC-to-AC converter, the negative terminal of said first monopolar DC source and the positive terminal of said second monopolar DC source being connected to each other at a common connection point that is also connected to earth ground, and
coupling said common connection point to said earth ground through a single network of frequency-selective parallel-connected RLC devices, said network having a DC impedance that is lower than the AC impedance of said network at a preselected frequency.
13. The method of claim 12 which includes preventing the system from moving with DC common mode voltages with respect to a system ground point while allowing said system to move with AC common mode voltages with respect to the system ground point, with reduced AC ground currents compared to a system with solid AC and DC grounding.