Measuring G protein coupled receptor activation

1. A method of detecting a compound, the method comprising,

i) contacting a sample with a cell-free composition comprising at least one G protein coupled receptor embedded in a lipid bilayer, and which is capable of binding the compound, wherein the G protein coupled receptor comprises one or more subunits that are the same or different, and wherein at least one of the subunits of the G protein coupled receptor comprises a bioluminescent protein and an acceptor molecule,

ii) simultaneously or sequentially with step i) providing a substrate of the bioluminescent protein, and allowing the bioluminescent protein to modify the substrate,

iii) determining if step ii) modulates bioluminescent resonance energy transfer (BRET) between the bioluminescent protein and the acceptor molecule, wherein the spatial location and/or dipole orientation of the bioluminescent protein relative to the acceptor molecule is altered when the compound binds the G protein coupled receptor, and wherein when expressed in a cell the N-terminus of the G protein coupled receptor, or subunits thereof, is outside the cell and the C-terminus inside the cell, and wherein the amplitude of the change in the BRET ratio is indicative of the relative amount of the compound in the sample, wherein

a) the bioluminescent protein forms part of the fifth non-transmembrane loop of the subunit, and the acceptor molecule forms part of the C-terminus, or

b) the acceptor molecule forms part of the fifth non-transmembrane loop of the subunit, and the bioluminescent protein forms part of the C-terminus, and wherein the method is at least 2 fold more sensitive than if a non-bioluminescent protein is used as a donor molecule and a modulation of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is determined.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is performed using microfluidics.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Förster distance of the bioluminescent protein and the acceptor molecule is between 6.8 and 7.6nm.

4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the Förster distance of the bioluminescent protein and the acceptor molecule is between 6.8 and 7.6nm.

5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the Förster distance of the bioluminescent protein and the acceptor molecule is 7.5nm.

6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the Förster distance of the bioluminescent protein and the acceptor molecule is 7.5nm.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein

i) the subunit comprises the N-terminus and at least a majority of the first transmembrane domain of a first G protein coupled receptor subunit, at least a majority of the first non-transmembrane loop through to at least a majority of the fifth transmembrane domain of a second G protein coupled receptor subunit, and at least a majority of the fifth non-transmembrane loop through to the C-terminal end of the first G protein coupled receptor subunit, or

ii) the subunit comprises the N-terminus through to at least a majority of the fifth transmembrane domain of a first G protein coupled receptor subunit, and at least a majority of the fifth non-transmembrane loop through to the C-terminal end of a second G protein coupled receptor subunit.

8. The method of claim 2 , wherein

i) the subunit comprises the N-terminus and at least a majority of the first transmembrane domain of a first G protein coupled receptor subunit, at least a majority of the first non-transmembrane loop through to at least a majority of the fifth transmembrane domain of a second G protein coupled receptor subunit, and at least a majority of the fifth non-transmembrane loop through to the C-terminal end of the first G protein coupled receptor subunit, or

ii) the subunit comprises the N-terminus through to at least a majority of the fifth transmembrane domain of a first G protein coupled receptor subunit, and at least a majority of the fifth nontransmembrane loop through to the C-terminal end of a second G protein coupled receptor subunit.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein

i) the bioluminescent protein is a luciferase, and/or

ii) the substrate is luciferin, coelenterazine, or a derivative of coelenterazine, and/or

iii) the acceptor molecule which is a protein is green fluorescent protein (GFP), or a biologically active variant or fragment of any one thereof.

10. The method of claim 2 , wherein

i) the bioluminescent protein is a luciferase, and/or

ii) the substrate is luciferin, coelenterazine, or a derivative of coelenterazine, and/or

iii) the acceptor molecule which is a protein is green fluorescent protein (GFP), or a biologically active variant or fragment of any one thereof.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the luciferase is a Renilla luciferase, the acceptor molecule is GFP , and the substrate is Coelenterazine 400a.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the luciferase is a Renilla luciferase, the acceptor molecule is GFP , and the substrate is Coelenterazine 400a.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein

i) the cell-free composition was obtained by producing the G protein coupled receptor in a recombinant cell and disrupting the membrane of the cell, or

ii) the G protein coupled receptor is embedded in the lipid bilayer of a liposome.

14. The method of claim 2 , wherein

i) the cell-free composition was obtained by producing the G protein coupled receptor in a recombinant cell and disrupting the membrane of the cell, or

ii) the G protein coupled receptor is embedded in the lipid bilayer of a liposome.

15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the recombinant cell is a yeast cell.

16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the recombinant cell is a yeast cell.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein

i) the G protein coupled receptor is an odorant receptor, or

ii) the subunit is a chimera of a portion of two or more different G protein coupled receptor subunits.

18. The method of claim 2 , wherein

i) the G protein coupled receptor is an odorant receptor, or

ii) the subunit is a chimera of a portion of two or more different G protein coupled receptor subunits.

19. A method for screening for a compound that binds a G protein coupled receptor, the method comprising,

i) contacting a candidate compound with a cell-free composition comprising at least one G protein coupled receptor embedded in a lipid bilayer, and which is capable of binding the compound, wherein the G protein coupled receptor comprises one or more subunits that are the same or different, and wherein at least one subunit of the G protein coupled receptor comprises a bioluminescent protein and an acceptor molecule,

ii) simultaneously or sequentially with step i) providing a substrate of the bioluminescent protein, and allowing the bioluminescent protein to modify the substrate,

iii) determining if step ii) modulates bioluminescent resonance energy transfer (BRET) between the bioluminescent protein and the acceptor molecule, wherein a modulation of BRET indicates that the compound binds the G protein coupled receptor, and wherein when expressed in a cell the N-terminus of the G protein coupled receptor, or subunits thereof, is outside the cell and the C-terminus inside the cell, and wherein the amplitude of the change in the BRET ratio is indicative of the relative amount of the compound in the sample, wherein

a) the bioluminescent protein forms part of the fifth non-transmembrane loop of the subunit, and the acceptor molecule forms part of the C-terminus, or

b) the acceptor molecule forms part of the fifth non-transmembrane loop of the subunit, and the bioluminescent protein forms part of the C-terminus, and wherein the method is at least 2 fold more sensitive than if a non-bioluminescent protein is used as a donor molecule and a modulation of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is determined.