Glycerol containing fuel mixture for direct injection engines
The invention provides fuel mixtures containing fuel oil, glycerol, glycerol impurities and non-ionic surfactants. The mixtures remain homogeneous longer and are more chemically stable than previous mixtures. Upon combustion, the mixtures generate reduced SOx, NOx and particulate matter emissions compared to residual fuels and offer improved engine performance over previous mixtures.
1. A fuel mixture comprising:
(a) an oil in an amount from about 50% to about 99% (vol/vol) of the fuel mixture, wherein the oil is selected from the group consisting of marine gas oil, marine diesel oil, intermediate fuel oil, low sulfur diesel, ultra-low sulfur diesel and residual fuel oil;
(b) a plurality of droplets evenly dispersed in the oil, wherein the droplets have sizes of from about 100 nm to about 10 μm; the droplets comprise glycerol, a combustion improver, and water; glycerol is present in about 35% (vol/vol) of the fuel mixture; the combustion improver is present in an amount less than about 10% (wt/wt) of the glycerol; and water is present in an amount less than about 20% (wt/wt) of the glycerol; and
(c) a non-ionic surfactant in an amount from about 0.1% to about 5% (wt/wt) of the fuel mixture,
wherein the mixture remains homogeneous or chemically stable at room temperature for at least 24 hours.
2. The fuel mixture according to claim 1 , wherein the oil is selected from the group consisting of marine gas oil, low sulfur diesel, and ultra-low sulfur diesel.
3. The fuel mixture according to claim 1 , wherein the non-ionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, glycerides, polyglycerols, sorbitan glycosides, esters and acids, and mixtures thereof.
4. The fuel mixture according to claim 1 , further comprising a viscosity enhancer selected from the group consisting of resins, resin acids, polyureas, nitroesters, polyolefins, elastomers, and mixtures thereof.
5. The fuel mixture according to claim 1 , the mixture, when created, contains less than about 0.1% by mass elemental sulfur.
6. The fuel mixture according to claim 1 , wherein the mixture, when combusted, produces less than about 10 g/(kW-hr) NOx.
7. The fuel mixture according to claim 1 , wherein the mixture remains homogeneous or chemically stable at room temperature for at least 2 weeks.
8. The fuel mixture according to claim 1 , wherein the combustion improver is selected from the group consisting of an ether, a peroxide, a nitrile, and mixtures thereof.
9. The fuel mixture according to claim 1 , wherein the mixture remains homogeneous or chemically stable at room temperature for at least 6 months.
10. The fuel mixture according to claim 1 , wherein the oil is a mixture of intermediate fuel oil and residual fuel oil.
11. A process for producing a homogeneous fuel mixture comprising
providing (i) an oil selected from the group consisting of marine gas oil, marine diesel oil, intermediate fuel oil, low sulfur diesel, ultra-low sulfur diesel and residual fuel oil, (ii) crude glycerol and (iii) a non-ionic surfactant,
heating the crude glycerol to a temperature from about 40 to about 70° C., and
mixing the oil, crude glycerol with a sonic blender at from about 40 to about 75 Watts for from about 15 to about 40 seconds at about 20 kHz, with a total energy input of about 2,000 J per 150 mL, thereby producing the homogeneous fuel mixture having a plurality of droplets evenly dispersed in the oil,
wherein
the oil is present in an amount from about 50% to about 99% (vol/vol) of the fuel mixture;
the droplets have sizes of from about 100 nm to about 10 μm;
the droplets comprise the crude glycerol;
the crude glycerol comprises a combustion improver and water;
glycerol is present in about 35% (vol/vol) of the fuel mixture;
the combustion improver is present in an amount less than about 10% (wt/wt) of the crude glycerol;
water is present in an amount less than about 20% (wt/wt) of the crude glycerol;
the non-ionic surfactant is present in an amount from about 0.1% to about 5% (wt/wt) of the fuel mixture; and
the resultant mixture remains homogeneous or chemically stable for at least 24 hours.
12. The process according to claim 11 , wherein the crude glycerol is heated to about 50° C.
13. The fuel mixture of claim 1 , wherein the oil is ultra-low sulfur diesel; and the non-ionic surfactant comprises a sorbitan ester.
14. The fuel mixture of claim 1 , wherein the oil is ultra-low sulfur diesel; and the non-ionic surfactant is a mixture of glycerides.
15. The fuel mixture of claim 1 , wherein the oil is ultra-low sulfur diesel; the non-ionic surfactant is a mixture of glycerides; and the combustion improver is 2,5-bis(ethoxymethyl)furan.