Coating of stents for preventing restenosis

1. A stent coated with a hemocompatible layer consisting of completely desulphated and N-reacetylated heparin, whereas the hemocombatible layer is bound covalently on the stent surface and at least a second adjacent layer which comprises at least one antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and/or antithrombotic active agent covalently and/or adhesively bound.

2. Stent according to claim 1 wherein the active agents are chosen from the group which contains sirolimus, everolimus, somatostatin, tacrolimus, roxithromycin, dunaimycin, ascomycin, bafilomycin, erythromycin, midecamycin, josamycin, concanamycin, clarithromycin, troleandomycin, folimycin, cerivastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin, fluvastatin, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin, pitavastatin, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine, etoposide, teniposide, nimustine, carmustine, lomustine, cyclophosphamide, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, estramustine, melphalan, ifosfamide, trofosfamide, chlorambucil, bendamustine, dacarbazine, busulfan, procarbazine, treosulfan, temozolomide, thiotepa, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, aclarubicin, epirubicin, mitoxantrone, idarubicin, bleomycin, mitomycin, dactinomycin, methotrexate, fludarabine, fludarabine-5′-dihydrogenphosphate, cladribine, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, cytarabine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, capecitabine, docetaxel, carboplatin, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, amsacrine, irinotecan, topotecan, hydroxycarbamide, miltefosine, pentostatin, aldesleukin, tretinoin, asparaginase, pegaspargase, anastrozole, exemestane, letrozole, formestane, aminoglutethimide, adriamycin, azithromycin, spiramycin, cepharantin, smc proliferation inhibitor-2w, epothilone A and B, mitoxantrone, azathioprine, mycophenolatmofetil, c-myc-antisense, b-myc-antisense, betulinic acid, camptothecin, lapachol, 13-lapachone, podophyllotoxin, betulin, podophyllic acid 2-ethylhydrazide, peginterferon a-2b, filgrastim, macrogol, dacarbazine, basiliximab, daclizumab, selectin, CETP inhibitor, cadherines, cytokinin inhibitors, COX-2 inhibitor, NFkB, angiopeptin, ciprofloxacin, camptothecin, fluoroblastin, monoclonal antibodies, which inhibit the muscle cell proliferation, bFGF antagonists, probucol, prostaglandins, 1,11-dimethoxycanthin-6-one, 1-hydroxy-11-methoxycanthin-6-one, scopoletin, colchicine, NO donors, pentaerythritol tetranitrate and syndnoeimines, S-nitrosoderivatives, tamoxifen, staurosporine, 13-estradiol, a-estradiol, estriol, estrone, ethinylestradiol, fosfestrol, medroxyprogesterone, estradiol cypionates, estradiol benzoates, tranilast, kamebakaurin and other terpenoids, which are applied in the therapy of cancer, verapamil, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, cyclosporine A, paclitaxel, 6-a-hydroxy-paclitaxel, baccatin, taxotere and other both synthetically and from native sources obtained macrocyclic oligomers of carbon suboxide and derivatives thereof, mofebutazone, acemetacin, diclofenac, lonazolac, dapsone, o-carbamoylphenoxyacetic acid, lidocaine, ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, piroxicam, meloxicam, chloroquine phosphate, penicillamine, hydroxychloroquine, auranofin, sodium aurothiomalate, oxaceprol, celecoxib, 13-sitosterin, ademetionine, myrtecaine, polidocanol, nonivamide, levomenthol, benzocaine, aescin, ellipticine, indibulin, colcemid, cytochalasin A-E, indanocine, nocodazole, S 100 protein, bacitracin, vitronectin receptor antagonists, azelastine, guanidyl cyclase stimulator tissue inhibitor of metal proteinase-1 and -2, free nucleic acids, nucleic acids incorporated into virus transmitters, DNA and RNA fragments, plasminogen activator inhibitor-I, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, antisense oligonucleotides, VEGF inhibitors, IGF-1, active agents from the group of antibiotics, cefadroxil, cefazolin, cefaclor, cefotaxim, tobramycin, gentamycin, penicillins, dicloxacillin, oxacillin, sulfonamides, metronidazol, antithrombotics, argatroban, acetylsalicylsaure, abciximab, synthetic antithrombin, bivalirudin, coumadin, enoxaparin, desulphated and N-reacetylated heparin, tissue plasminogen activator, GpIIb/IIIa platelet membrane receptor, factor Xa inhibitor antibody, heparin, hirudin, r-hirudin, PPACK, protamin, prourokinase, streptokinase, warfarin, urokinase, vasodilators, dipyramidole, trapidil, nitroprussides, PDGF antagonists, triazolopyrimidine and seramin, ACE inhibitors, captopril, cilazapril, lisinopril, enalapril, losartan, thiolprotease inhibitors, prostacyclin, vapiprost, interferon a, β and γ, histamine antagonists, serotonin blockers, apoptosis inhibitors, apoptosis regulators, p65 NF-kB, Bcl-xL antisense oligonucleotides, halofuginone, nifedipine, tocopherol, tranilast, molsidomine, tea polyphenols, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, Boswellic acids and derivatives thereof, leflunomide, anakinra, etanercept, sulfasalazine, etoposide, dicloxacillin, tetracycline, triamcinolone, mutamycin, procainamid, retinoic acid, quinidine, disopyramide, flecamide, propafenone, sotalol, amidorone, natural and synthetically obtained steroids, bryophyllin A, inotodiol, maquiroside A, ghalakinoside, mansonine, strebloside, hydrocortisone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory substances, fenoprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen, phenylbutazone and other antiviral agents, acyclovir, ganciclovir and zidovudine, antimycotics, clotrimazole, flucytosine, griseofulvin, ketoconazole, miconazole, nystatin, terbinafine, antiprozoal agents, chloroquine, mefloquine, quinine, natural terpenoids, hippocaesculin, barringtogenol-C21-angelate, 14-dehydroagrostistachin, agroskerin, agrostistachin, 17-hydroxyagrostistachin, ovatodiolids, 4,7-oxycycloanisomelic acid, baccharinoids B1, B2, B3 and B7, tubeimoside, bruceanol A, B and C, bruceantinoside C, yadanziosides N and P, isodeoxyelephantopin, tomenphantopin A and B, coronarin A, B, C and D, ursolic acid, hyptatic acid A, zeorin, iso-iridogermanal, maytenfoliol, effusantin A, excisanin A and B, longikaurin B, sculponeatin C, kamebaunin, leukamenin A and B, 13,18-dehydro-6-a-senecioyloxychaparrin, taxamairin A and B, regenilol, triptolide, cymarin, apocymarin, aristolochic acid, anopterin, hydroxyanopterin, anemonin, protoanemonin, berberine, cheliburin chloride, cictoxin, sinococuline, bombrestatin A and B, cudraisoflavone A, curcumin, dihydronitidine, nitidine chloride, 12-13-hydroxypregnadien-3,20-dione, bilobol, ginkgol, ginkgolic acid, helenalin, indicine, indicine-N-oxide, lasiocarpine, inotodiol, glycoside I a, podophyllotoxin, justicidin A and B, larreatin, malloterin, mallotochromanol, isobutyrylmallotochromanol, maquiroside A, marchantin A, maytansine, lycoridicin, margetine, pancratistatin, liriodenine, bisparthenolidine, oxoushinsunine, aristolactam-All, bisparthenolidine, periplocoside A, ghalakinoside, ursolic acid, deoxypsorospermin, psychorubin, ricin A, sanguinarine, manwu wheat acid, methylsorbifolin, sphatheliachromen, stizophyllin, mansonine, strebloside, akagerine, dihydrousambarensine, hydroxyusambarine, strychnopentamine, strychnophylline, usambarine, usambarensine, berberine, liriodenine, oxoushinsunine, daphnoretin, lariciresinol, methoxylariciresinol, syringaresinol, umbelliferon, afromoson, acetylvismione B, desacetylvismione A, vismione A and B.

3. Stent according to claim 1 wherein the antiproliferative, antiinflammatory and/or antithrombotic active agent is comprised in a pharmaceutically active concentration of 0.001-10 mg per cm2 stent surface.

4. Stent according to claim 1 wherein the coating comprises two or more layers, whereas the first layer is deposited directly onto the stent surface.

5. Stent according to claim 4 wherein the first layer comprises a hemocompatible layer which is coated completely or incompletely with a biodegradable and/or biostable layer that comprises at least one active agent in a covalently and/or adhesively bound form.

6. Stent according to claim 4 wherein the second layer comprises a non biodegradable layer which comprises at least one active agent in a covalently and/or adhesively bound form and which is substantially completely coated with a covalently bound hemocompatible layer.

7. Stent according to claim 5 wherein polyvalerolactones, poly-e-decalactones, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polylactides, polyglycolides, copolymers of the polylactides and polyglycolides, poly-e-caprolactone, polyhydroxybutanoic acid, polyhydroxybutyrates, polyhydroxyvalerates, polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerates, poly(1,4-dioxane-2,3-diones), poly(1,3-dioxane-2-one), poly-para-dioxanones, polyanhydrides, polymaleic anhydrides, polyhydroxymethacrylates, fibrin, polycyanoacrylates, polycaprolactonedimethylacrylates, poly-β-maleic acid, polycaprolactonebutylacrylates, multiblock polymers, polyetherester multiblock polymers, polypivotolactones, polyglycolic acid trimethylene-carbonates, polycaprolactone-glycolides, poly(g-ethylglutamate), poly(DTH-iminocarbonate), poly(DTE-co-DT-carbonate), poly(bispheno1-A-iminocarbonate), polyorthoesters, polyglycolic acid trimethylene-carbonates, polytrimethylcarbonates, polyiminocarbonates, poly(N-vinyl)-pyrrolidone, polyvinylalcohols, polyesteramides, glycolated polyesters, polyphosphoesters, polyphosphazenes, poly[p-carboxyphenoxy)propane], polyhydroxypentanoic acid, polyanhydrides, polyethyleneoxide-propyleneoxide, soft polyurethanes, polyurethanes with amino acid rests in the backbone, polyetheresters, polyalkeneoxalates, polyorthoesters as well as copolymers thereof, lipids, carrageenans, fibrinogen, starch, collagen, protein based polymers, polyamino acids, synthetic polyamino acids, zein, modified zein, polyhydroxyalkanoates, pectic acid, actinic acid, modified and non modified fibrin and casein, carboxymethylsulphate, albumin, moreover hyaluronic acid, heparan sulphate, heparin, chondroitine sulphate, dextran, b-cyclodextrins, copolymers with PEG and polypropylene glycol, gum arabic, guar, gelatine, collagen, collagen-N-hydroxysuccinimide, lipids, phospholipids, modifications and copolymers and/or mixtures of the afore mentioned substances are used as biodegradable substances for the biodegradable layer.

8. Stent according to claim 5 wherein polyacrylic acid and polyacrylates, polymethylmethacrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitriles, polyamides, polyetheramides, polyethylenamine, polyimides, polycarbonates, polycarbourethanes, polyvinylketones, polyvinylhalogenides, polyvinylidenhalogenides, polyvinyl ethers, polyisobutylenes, polyvinylaromates, polyvinylesters, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyoxymethylenes, polytetramethyleneoxide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethanes, polyetherurethanes, silicone-polyetherurethanes, silicone-polyurethanes, silicone-polycarbonate-urethanes, polyolefin elastomers, polyisobutylenes, EPDM gums, fluorosilicones, carboxymethyl chitosan, polyaryletherether ketones, polyetherether ketones, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvalerates, carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose, rayon, rayon triacetates, cellulose nitrates, cellulose acetates, hydroxyethyl cellulose, cellulose butyrates, cellulose acetate butyrates, ethylvinylacetate copolymers, polysulphones, epoxy resins, ABS resins, EPDM gums, silicones, polysiloxanes, polydimethylsiloxanes, polyvinyl halogens and copolymers, cellulose ethers, cellulose triacetates, chitosan and copolymers and/or mixtures thereof are used as biostable substances for the biostable layer.