Acyltransferase regulation to increase the percent of polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids and oils of oleaginous organisms
Methods to increase the percent of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) within the total lipids and oils of PUFA-producing oleaginous organisms are provided herein, by regulating the activity of specific acyltransferases. Specifically, since oil biosynthesis is expected to compete with polyunsaturation during oleaginy, it is possible to reduce or inactivate the activity of an organism's DAG ATs (e.g., phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) and/or diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) and/or diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2)) to thereby reduce the overall rate of oil biosynthesis while concomitantly increasing the percent of PUFAs that are incorporated into the lipid and oil fractions. The teachings herein will thereby enable one to engineer a wide variety of oleaginous organisms to produce oils with very specific fatty acid compositions.
1. A method for increasing the percent of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total lipid or oil of an oleaginous Yarrowia sp., comprising:
a) providing an oleaginous Yarrowia sp. which produces at least 25% of its dry cell weight as oil, comprising
(i) at least one native gene encoding a phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase;
(ii) at least one native gene encoding an acyltransferase selected from the group consisting of: a diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1, a diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 and a combination of these; and (iii) at least one gene encoding a protein of a functional polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathway;
b) reducing the activity of the native acyltransferase of step a) (i) and the activity of at least one of the native acyltransferases in step a) (ii), wherein the overall rate of oil biosynthesis is reduced and the percent of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total lipid or oil is increased in the Yarrowia sp. as compared with the Yarrowia sp. where the activity of at least one native acyltransferase enzyme is not reduced.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the activity of the at least one native acyltransferase is reduced by a means selected from the group consisting of:
a) gene disruption;
b) antisense or iRNA technology;
c) use of a mutant host having diminished diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity;
d) over-expression of a mutagenized heterosubunit; and, e) manipulation of the regulatory sequences controlling expression of the protein.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the oleaginous fungus is Yarrowia lipolytica.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the protein of the functional polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathway is selected from the group consisting of: desaturases and elongases.
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the desaturase is selected from the group consisting of: Δ9 desaturase, Δ12 desaturase, Δ6 desaturase, Δ5 desaturase, Δ17 desaturase, Δ8 desaturas, Δ15 desaturase and Δ4 desaturase.
6. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the functional polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathway is either native to the oleaginous Yarrowia sp. or genetically engineered.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polyunsaturated fatty acid produced in step (b) is eicosapentaenoic acid.
8. The method according to claim 3 wherein the oleaginous Yarrowia lipolytica is a strain selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC #20362, Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC #76982, Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC #90812, and Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC #18944.